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LipoCEST and cellCEST imaging agents: opportunities and challenges
From the early days of CEST agents’ disclosure, it was evident that their potential for in vivo applications was strongly hampered by the intrinsic low sensitivity. Therefore, much work has been devoted to seek out suitable routes to achieve strong CEST contrast enhancement. The use of nanosized systems turned out to be a strategic choice, because a very large amount of CEST agents can be delivered at the site of interest. However, the breakthrough innovation in term of increase of sensitivity was found by designing the lipoCEST agents. The naturally inspired, liposomes vesicles, when loaded with paramagnetic lanthanide�...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - January 1, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Giuseppe Ferrauto, Daniela Delli Castelli, Enza Di Gregorio, Enzo Terreno, Silvio Aime Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Cyclodextrin‐based nanosponges: a versatile platform for cancer nanotherapeutics development
Nanosponges (NSs) are a new age branched cyclodextrin (CD) polymeric systems exhibiting tremendous potential in pharmaceutical, agro science, and biomedical applications. Over the past decade, different varieties of NS based on the type of CD and the crosslinker have been developed tailored for specific applications. NS technology has been instrumental in achieving solubilization, stabilization, sustained release, enhancement of activity, permeability enhancement, protein delivery, ocular delivery, stimuli sensitive drug release, enhancement of bioavailability, etc. There is a major explosion of research in the area of NS�...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - January 1, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Shankar Swaminathan, Roberta Cavalli, Francesco Trotta Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Virus‐based nanoparticles as platform technologies for modern vaccines
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. Viruses have played a key role in this field because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds with unique properties that are easy to modify. Viruses are immunogenic via multiple pathways, and antigens displayed naturally or by engineering on the surface can be used to create vaccines against the cognate virus, other pathogens, specific molecules or cellular targets such as tumors. This review focuses on the development of virus‐based nanoparticle systems as vaccines indicated for the prevention or treatment of infectious di...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - January 1, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Karin L. Lee, Richard M. Twyman, Steven Fiering, Nicole F. Steinmetz Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

pH‐Sensitive stimulus‐responsive nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents
In recent years miscellaneous smart micro/nanosystems that respond to various exogenous/endogenous stimuli including temperature, magnetic/electric field, mechanical force, ultrasound/light irradiation, redox potentials, and biomolecule concentration have been developed for targeted delivery and release of encapsulated therapeutic agents such as drugs, genes, proteins, and metal ions specifically at their required site of action. Owing to physiological differences between malignant and normal cells, or between tumors and normal tissues, pH‐sensitive nanosystems represent promising smart delivery vehicles for transport an...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - January 1, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Mahdi Karimi, Masoud Eslami, Parham Sahandi‐Zangabad, Fereshteh Mirab, Negar Farajisafiloo, Zahra Shafaei, Deepanjan Ghosh, Mahnaz Bozorgomid, Fariba Dashkhaneh, Michael R. Hamblin Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Crossing the barrier: treatment of brain tumors using nanochain particles
Despite advancements in surgery and radiotherapy, the aggressive forms of brain tumors, such as gliomas, are still uniformly lethal with current therapies offering only palliation complicated by significant toxicities. Gliomas are characteristically diffuse with infiltrating edges, resistant to drugs and nearly inaccessible to systemic therapies due to the brain‐tumor barrier. Currently, aggressive efforts are underway to further understand brain‐tumor's microenvironment and identify brain tumor cell‐specific regulators amenable to pharmacologic interventions. While new potent agents are continuously becoming availab...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - January 1, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Efstathios Karathanasis, Ketan B. Ghaghada Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Issue information
(Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - December 25, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Cover Image, Volume 8, Issue 1
The cover image, by Zongchao Han et al. is based on the Advanced Review “Nanoparticle motivated gene delivery for ophthalmic application”, DOI 10.1002/wnan.1356. (Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - December 25, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

Engineering of radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles for dual ‐modality imaging
Over the last decade, radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles have been developed as promising contrast agents for dual‐modality positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) or single‐photon emission computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (SPECT/MRI). The combination of PET (or SPECT) with MRI can offer synergistic advantages for noninvasive, sensitive, high‐resolution, and quantitative imaging, which is suitable for early detection of various diseases such as cancer. Here, we summarize the recent advances on radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles for dual‐modality imaging, through the use...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - December 21, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Fanrong Ai, Carolina A. Ferreira, Feng Chen, Weibo Cai Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Viral chemistry: the chemical functionalization of viral architectures to create new technology
The modification of viruses using chemical conjugation techniques has brought the distant worlds of virology right into the center of nanotechnology. Viruses are naturally resilient biomolecules and this makes them exceptional templates for the creation of higher order polymers and as scaffolds for biological imaging and targeted drug delivery. In this review, we highlight progress in utilizing chemical strategies to interface viruses with synthetic polymers, to create bright bionanoparticles using synthetic fluorescent dyes, and how orthogonal chemical transformations allow for targeted drug delivery. For further resource...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - December 10, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Zhuo Chen, Na Li, Shaobo Li, Madushani Dharmarwardana, Anna Schlimme, Jeremiah J Gassensmith Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Image ‐guided tumor surgery: will there be a role for fluorescent nanoparticles?
Image‐guided surgery (IGS) using fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) has the potential to substantially impact patient treatment. The use of fluorescence imaging provides surgeons with real‐time feedback on the location of diseased tissue using safe, low‐cost imaging agents and instrumentation. Fluorescent NPs are likely to play a role as they are capable of taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and can be modified to avoid clearance, increase circulation time, and specifically target tumors. Clinical trials of IGS using the FDA‐approved fluorophores indocyanine green and methylene bl...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - November 19, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Tanner K. Hill, Aaron M. Mohs Tags: Opinion Source Type: research

Engineering of radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles for dual‐modality imaging
Over the last decade, radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles have been developed as promising contrast agents for dual‐modality positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) or single‐photon emission computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (SPECT/MRI). The combination of PET (or SPECT) with MRI can offer synergistic advantages for noninvasive, sensitive, high‐resolution, and quantitative imaging, which is suitable for early detection of various diseases such as cancer. Here, we summarize the recent advances on radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles for dual‐modality imaging, through the use...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - November 1, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Fanrong Ai, Carolina A. Ferreira, Feng Chen, Weibo Cai Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Use of nanoparticles to deliver immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated ‘CpG motifs’ stimulate the innate immune system to produce cytokines, chemokines, and polyreactive antibodies. CpG ODNs have shown promise as vaccine adjuvants and for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. The immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODNs is inhibited by DNA‐containing ‘suppressive’ motifs. ODNs expressing suppressive motifs (Sup ODNs) reduce ongoing immune reactions and show promise in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This work reviews recent progress in the use of nanoparticles as carriers of CpG and Sup ODNs to...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - November 1, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Dennis M. Klinman, Takashi Sato, Takeshi Shimosato Tags: Focus Article Source Type: research

Intraoperative mapping of sentinel lymph node metastases using a clinically translated ultrasmall silica nanoparticle
The management of regional lymph nodes in patients with melanoma has undergone a significant paradigm shift over the past several decades, transitioning from the use of more aggressive surgical approaches, such as lymph node basin dissection, to the application of minimally invasive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy methods to detect the presence of nodal micrometastases. SLN biopsy has enabled reliable, highly accurate, and low‐morbidity staging of regional lymph nodes in early stage melanoma as a means of guiding treatment decisions and improving patient outcomes. The accurate identification and staging of lymph nodes i...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - November 1, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Michelle S. Bradbury, Mohan Pauliah, Pat Zanzonico, Ulrich Wiesner, Snehal Patel Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Nanoparticle dosage—a nontrivial task of utmost importance for quantitative nanosafety research
For a detailed and correct understanding of effects of colloidal nanoparticles exposed to organisms, a correlation of such effects to the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles is a necessity. Such correlation is complex by the fact that many physicochemical parameters such as size, shape, surface charge, and colloidal stability are interlinked, and nontrivial to experimentally determine. This review aims to give an overview regarding such correlations. Particular focus will be given on the role of determining nanoparticle concentrations, which is the basis for most quantitative toxicity evaluations. A comparison ...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - November 1, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Neus Feliu, Beatriz Pelaz, Qian Zhang, Pablo del Pino, Andreas Nyström, Wolfgang J. Parak Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Image‐guided tumor surgery: will there be a role for fluorescent nanoparticles?
Image‐guided surgery (IGS) using fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) has the potential to substantially impact patient treatment. The use of fluorescence imaging provides surgeons with real‐time feedback on the location of diseased tissue using safe, low‐cost imaging agents and instrumentation. Fluorescent NPs are likely to play a role as they are capable of taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and can be modified to avoid clearance, increase circulation time, and specifically target tumors. Clinical trials of IGS using the FDA‐approved fluorophores indocyanine green and methylene bl...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - November 1, 2015 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Tanner K. Hill, Aaron M. Mohs Tags: Opinion Source Type: research