Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Recent applications of phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines for imaging and therapy
With high extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near infrared region, phthalocyanines (Pcs) and naphthalocyanines (Ncs) are well‐suited for optical imaging and phototherapies in biological tissues. Pcs and Ncs have been used in a range of theranostic applications. Peripheral and axial substituents can be introduced to Pcs and Ncs for chemical modification. Seamless metal chelation of Pcs or Ncs can expand their possibilities as medical therapeutic and imaging agents. Nanoparticulate approaches enable unique ways to deliver Pcs and Ncs to target tissues and improve their solubility, biocompatibili...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 30, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Yumiao Zhang, Jonathan F. Lovell Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Intracellular imaging of quantum dots, gold, and iron oxide nanoparticles with associated endocytic pathways
Metallic nanoparticles (NP) have been used for biomedical applications especially for imaging. Compared to nonmetallic NP, metallic NP provide high contrast images because of their optical light scattering, magnetic resonance, X‐ray absorption, or other physicochemical properties. In this review, a series of in vitro imaging techniques for metallic NP will be introduced, meanwhile their strengths and weaknesses will be discussed. By utilizing these imaging methods, the cellular uptake of metallic NP can be easily visualized to better understand the endocytic mechanisms of NP intracellular delivery. Several types of metal...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 30, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Dandan Chen, Nancy A. Monteiro‐Riviere, Leshuai W. Zhang Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as photoacoustic molecular imaging probes
As an emerging class of optical nanomaterials, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) are highly photostable, optically active and versatile in chemistry; these properties make them attractive as molecular imaging agents to enable imaging of biological events and functionalities at multiple scales. More recently, a variety of SPNs have been found to exhibit high photoacoustic properties, and further empowered photoacoustic imaging for contrast enhanced in vivo molecular imaging. Target‐sensitive components can be incorporated in the SPNs to create activatable imaging probes to sense and monitor the target dynamics i...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 27, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Liyang Cui, Jianghong Rao Tags: Focus Article Source Type: research

Cryo‐electron microscopy and cryo‐electron tomography of nanoparticles
Cryo‐transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM or cryo‐EM) and cryo‐electron tomography (cryo‐ET) offer robust and powerful ways to visualize nanoparticles. These techniques involve imaging of the sample in a frozen‐hydrated state, allowing visualization of nanoparticles essentially as they exist in solution. Cryo‐TEM grid preparation can be performed with the sample in aqueous solvents or in various organic and ionic solvents. Two‐dimensional (2D) cryo‐TEM provides a direct way to visualize the polydispersity within a nanoparticle preparation. Fourier transforms of cryo‐TEM images can confirm the stru...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 24, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Phoebe L. Stewart Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Cryo ‐electron microscopy and cryo‐electron tomography of nanoparticles
Cryo‐transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM or cryo‐EM) and cryo‐electron tomography (cryo‐ET) offer robust and powerful ways to visualize nanoparticles. These techniques involve imaging of the sample in a frozen‐hydrated state, allowing visualization of nanoparticles essentially as they exist in solution. Cryo‐TEM grid preparation can be performed with the sample in aqueous solvents or in various organic and ionic solvents. Two‐dimensional (2D) cryo‐TEM provides a direct way to visualize the polydispersity within a nanoparticle preparation. Fourier transforms of cryo‐TEM images can confirm the stru...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 22, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Phoebe L. Stewart Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Toward RNA nanoparticle vaccines: synergizing RNA and inorganic nanoparticles to achieve immunopotentiation
Traditionally, vaccines have been composed of live attenuated or killed microorganisms. Alternatively, individual protein subunits or other molecular components of the microorganism can serve as the antigen and trigger an antibody response by the immune system. The immune system is a coordinated molecular and cellular response that works in concert to check the spread of infection. In the past decade, there has been much progress on DNA vaccines. DNA vaccination includes using the coding segments of a viral or bacterial genome to generate an immune response. However, the potential advantage of combining an RNA molecule wit...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 17, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Robert K. DeLong, Chandler B. Curtis Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Investigational nanomedicines in 2016: a review of nanotherapeutics currently undergoing clinical trials
Nanomedicine is a relatively new field that is rapidly evolving. Formulation of drugs on the nanoscale imparts many physical and biological advantages. Such advantages can in turn translate into improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity. While approximately 50 nanotherapeutics have already entered clinical practice, a greater number of drugs are undergoing clinical investigation for a variety of indications. This review aims to examine all the nanoformulations that are currently undergoing clinical investigation and their outlook for ultimate clinical translation. For further resources related to this article, ple...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 15, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Joseph M. Caster, Artish N. Patel, Tian Zhang, Andrew Wang Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

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Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - June 15, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Vascular ‐targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases
Vascular‐targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle‐cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular‐targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components o...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - May 18, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: William J. Kelley, Hanieh Safari, Genesis Lopez ‐Cazares, Omolola Eniola‐Adefeso Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

High throughput toxicity screening and intracellular detection of nanomaterials
With the growing numbers of nanomaterials (NMs), there is a great demand for rapid and reliable ways of testing NM safety—preferably using in vitro approaches, to avoid the ethical dilemmas associated with animal research. Data are needed for developing intelligent testing strategies for risk assessment of NMs, based on grouping and read‐across approaches. The adoption of high throughput screening (HTS) and high content analysis (HCA) for NM toxicity testing allows the testing of numerous materials at different concentrations and on different types of cells, reduces the effect of inter‐experimental variation, and mak...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - April 30, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Andrew R. Collins, Balasubramanyam Annangi, Laura Rubio, Ricard Marcos, Marco Dorn, Carolin Merker, Irina Estrela‐Lopis, Mihaela Roxana Cimpan, Mohamed Ibrahim, Emil Cimpan, Melanie Ostermann, Alexander Sauter, Naouale El Yamani, Sergey Shaposhnikov, Sy Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Detection and treatment of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles
Atherosclerosis is the key pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, which is a silent killer and a leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis starts with the adhesion of inflammatory monocytes on the activated endothelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. These monocytes can further migrate into the intimal layer of the blood vessel where they differentiate into macrophages, which take up oxidized low‐density lipoproteins and release inflammatory factors to amplify the local inflammatory response. After accumulation of cholesterol, the lipid‐laden macrophages are transformed into foam cells, t...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - April 30, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Jia Zhang, Yujiao Zu, Chathurika S. Dhanasekara, Jun Li, Dayong Wu, Zhaoyang Fan, Shu Wang Tags: Focus Article Source Type: research

Vascular‐targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases
Vascular‐targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle‐cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular‐targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components o...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - April 30, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: William J. Kelley, Hanieh Safari, Genesis Lopez‐Cazares, Omolola Eniola‐Adefeso Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Dendrimer‐based nanocarriers: a versatile platform for drug delivery
Advances in nanotechnology have had profound impacts on therapeutic delivery, leading to the development of nanomaterials engineered with large carrying capabilities and targeting functionalities. Among the nanomaterials, dendrimers have garnered particular attention from researchers owing to their well‐defined structure, near‐monodispersity, and ease of multifunctionalization. As hyperbranched, three‐dimensional macromolecules, dendrimers can be engineered to target and deliver a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, peptides, and genes, reducing their systemic toxicities and enhancing efficac...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - April 29, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Hao‐Jui Hsu, Jason Bugno, Seung‐ri Lee, Seungpyo Hong Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Dendrimer ‐based nanocarriers: a versatile platform for drug delivery
Advances in nanotechnology have had profound impacts on therapeutic delivery, leading to the development of nanomaterials engineered with large carrying capabilities and targeting functionalities. Among the nanomaterials, dendrimers have garnered particular attention from researchers owing to their well‐defined structure, near‐monodispersity, and ease of multifunctionalization. As hyperbranched, three‐dimensional macromolecules, dendrimers can be engineered to target and deliver a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, peptides, and genes, reducing their systemic toxicities and enhancing efficac...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - April 28, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Hao ‐Jui Hsu, Jason Bugno, Seung‐ri Lee, Seungpyo Hong Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Using nanobiotechnology to increase the prevalence of epigenotyping assays in precision medicine
Epigenetic silencing of genes that are important for DNA repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix has been causally linked to several subtypes of cancer. Translating this knowledge of the implications of promoter methylation to wide and routine use in clinical pathology laboratories has been more challenging than the case of genetic analyses because epigenetic modifications do not change the underlying sequence of the affected nucleic acid, rendering polymerase chain reaction analysis alone uninformative. Two epigenotyping assays that detect promoter methylation are cur...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology - April 28, 2016 Category: Nanotechnology Authors: Brandon W. Heimer, Brooke E. Tam, Alissa Minkovsky, Hadley D. Sikes Tags: Focus Article Source Type: research