Glial M6B stabilizes the axonal membrane at peripheral nodes of Ranvier
Abstract
Glycoprotein M6B and the closely related proteolipid protein regulate oligodendrocyte myelination in the central nervous system, but their role in the peripheral nervous system is less clear. Here we report that M6B is located at nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerves where it stabilizes the nodal axolemma. We show that M6B is co‐localized and associates with gliomedin at Schwann cell microvilli that are attached to the nodes. Developmental analysis of sciatic nerves, as well as of myelinating Schwann cells/dorsal root ganglion neurons cultures, revealed that M6B is already present at heminodes, which are conside...
Source: Glia - December 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Marie L Bang, Anya Vainshtein, Hyun ‐Jeong Yang, Yael Eshed‐Eisenbach, Jerome Devaux, Hauke B Werner, Elior Peles Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Alterations in CA1 hippocampal synapses in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the major cause of inherited mental retardation and the leading genetic cause of Autism spectrum disorders. FXS is caused by mutations in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene, which results in transcriptional silencing of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). To elucidate cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of FXS, we compared dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1 region of adult wild‐type (WT) and Fmr1 knockout (Fmr1‐KO) mice. Using diolistic labeling, confocal microscopy, and three‐dimensional electron microscopy, we show a significant increase in...
Source: Glia - December 23, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Safdar Jawaid, Grahame J. Kidd, Jing Wang, Carrie Swetlik, Ranjan Dutta, Bruce D. Trapp Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte
Glia, EarlyView. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - December 23, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
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Glia, Ahead of Print. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - December 23, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte
We report data suggesting that astrocytes are also sensitive to circulating endocrine signals—hormones like ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and leptin, that have a major impact on the CNS mechanisms controlling food intake and energy balance. We discuss signaling mechanisms that mediate communication between astrocytes and neurons and consider how these mechanisms are recruited by astrocytes activated in response to various metabolic challenges. We review experimental data suggesting that astrocytes modulate the activities of the respiratory and autonomic neuronal networks that ensure adaptive changes in breathing a...
Source: Glia - December 23, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Nephtali Marina, Egor Turovsky, Isabel N Christie, Patrick S Hosford, Anna Hadjihambi, Alla Korsak, Richard Ang, Svetlana Mastitskaya, Shahriar Sheikhbahaei, Shefeeq M Theparambil, Alexander V Gourine Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research
Constitutive downregulation protein kinase C epsilon in hSOD1G93A astrocytes influences mGluR5 signaling and the regulation of glutamate uptake
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a non‐cell‐autonomous process and that impaired glutamate clearance by astrocytes, leading to excitotoxicity, could participate in progression of the disease. In astrocytes derived from an animal model of ALS (hSOD1G93A rats), activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) fails to increase glutamate uptake, impeding a putative dynamic neuroprotective mechanism involving astrocytes. Using astrocyte cultures from hSOD1G93A rats, we have demonstrated that the typical Ca2+ oscillations associate...
Source: Glia - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Maxime Vergouts, Pierre J Doyen, Michael Peeters, Remi Opsomer, Emmanuel Hermans Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Migratory potential of transplanted glial progenitors as critical factor for successful translation of glia replacement therapy: The gap between mice and men
Glia,Volume 66, Issue 5, Page 907-919, May 2018. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
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Glia,Volume 66, Issue 5, Page 907-919, May 2018. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Migratory potential of transplanted glial progenitors as critical factor for successful translation of glia replacement therapy: The gap between mice and men
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major threat to public health. Stem cell‐based regenerative medicine is now a promising experimental paradigm for its treatment, as shown in pre‐clinical animal studies. Initial attempts have been on the replacement of neuronal cells only, but glial progenitors (GPs) are now becoming strong alternative cellular therapeutic candidates to replace oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as knowledge accumulates about their important emerging role in various disease processes. There are many examples of successful therapeutic outcomes for transplanted GPs in small animal models, but clinical t...
Source: Glia - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Rohit K. Srivastava, Jeff W. M. Bulte, Piotr Walczak, Miroslaw Janowski Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research
Neonatal mouse cortical but not isogenic human astrocyte feeder layers enhance the functional maturation of induced pluripotent stem cell ‐derived neurons in culture
We present RNA‐sequencing data for an immature, fetal‐like status of our human iPS cell‐derived astrocytes as one possible explanation for their failure to enhance synaptic activity in our co‐culture system.
Main Points
Human iPS cell‐derived NSCs were differentiated to isogenic neurons or astrocytes.
Few neurons developed spontaneous activity.
Spontaneous activity was significantly increased by neuronal co‐culture on mouse but not isogenic human astrocytes. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - December 12, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Fritz W. Lischka, Anastasia Efthymiou, Qiong Zhou, Michael D. Nieves, Nikki M. McCormack, Matthew D. Wilkerson, Gauthaman Sukumar, Clifton L. Dalgard, Martin L. Doughty Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity
(Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - December 12, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Richa Hanamsagar, Mark D. Alter, Carina S. Block, Haley Sullivan, Jessica L. Bolton, Staci D. Bilbo Tags: ERRATUM Source Type: research
Issue Information ‐ Table of Contents
(Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - December 12, 2017 Category: Neurology Tags: ISSUE INFORMATION ‐ TABLE OF CONTENTS Source Type: research
Activation of EP2 receptor suppresses poly(I: C) and LPS ‐mediated inflammation in primary microglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: Contributing role for MAPKs
In this study, we investigated the protective effects of prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2) during TLR3 and TLR4‐driven inflammatory response using in vitro primary microglia and ex vivo organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). Depletion of microglia from OHSCs differentially affected TLR3 and TLR4 receptor expression. Poly(I:C) induced the production of prostaglandin E2 in OHSCs by increasing cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)‐1. Besides, stimulation of OHSCs and microglia with Poly(I:C) upregulated EP2 receptor expression. Co‐stimulation of OHSCs and microglia with the EP...
Source: Glia - December 11, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Nizar M. Yousif, Antonio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira, Simone Brioschi, Michael Huell, Knut Biber, Bernd L. Fiebich Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Fasting induces astroglial plasticity in the olfactory bulb glomeruli of rats
Abstract
The detection of food odors by the olfactory system, which plays a key role in regulating food intake and elaborating the hedonic value of food, is reciprocally influenced by the metabolic state. Fasting increases olfactory performance, notably by increasing the activity of olfactory bulb (OB) neurons. The glutamatergic synapses between olfactory sensory neurons and mitral cells in the OB glomeruli are regulated by astrocytes, periglomerular neurons, and centrifugal afferents. We compared the expansion of astroglial processes by quantifying GFAP‐labeled areas in fed and fasted rats to see whether OB glomerular a...
Source: Glia - December 11, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Virginie Daumas ‐Meyer, Gaëlle Champeil‐Potokar, Catherine Chaumontet, Patrice Dahirel, Catherine Papillon, Patrice Congar, Isabelle Denis Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Myelin extracellular leaflet compaction requires apolipoprotein D membrane management to optimize lysosomal ‐dependent recycling and glycocalyx removal
Abstract
To compact the extracellular sides of myelin, an important transition must take place: from membrane sliding, while building the wraps, to membrane adhesion and water exclusion. Removal of the negatively charged glycocalyx becomes the limiting factor in such transition. What is required to initiate this membrane‐zipping process? Knocking‐out the Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), essential for lysosomal functional integrity in glial cells, results in a specific defect in myelin extracellular leaflet compaction in peripheral and central nervous system, which results in reduced conduction velocity and suboptimal...
Source: Glia - December 9, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Nadia Garc ía‐Mateo, Raquel Pascua‐Maestro, Alberto Pérez‐Castellanos, Concepción Lillo, Diego Sanchez, Maria D. Ganfornina Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
