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Glia, Ahead of Print. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - November 3, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Kallikrein 6 secreted by oligodendrocytes regulates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well‐established animal model of the disease. Here, we examined the pathophysiological role of Kallikrein 6 (Klk6), a serine protease produced by oligodendrocytes (OLs), in EAE using Klk6 knockout (Klk6−/−) mice. Compared with Klk6+/+ (wild‐type) mice, Klk6−/− mice showed milder EAE symptoms, including delayed onset and milder paralysis. Loss of Klk6 suppressed matrix metalloprotease‐9 expression and diminished the infiltration of peripheral in...
Source: Glia - October 31, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Yoshio Bando, Yoshiaki Hagiwara, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Kosuke Yoshida, Yoko Aburakawa, Takashi Kimura, Chisato Murakami, Miyuki Ono, Tatsuhide Tanaka, Ying ‐Ping Jiang, Branka Mitrovi, Hiroki Bochimoto, Osamu Yahara, Shigetaka Yoshida Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
TGF ‐β pro‐oligodendrogenic effects on adult SVZ progenitor cultures and its interaction with the Notch signaling pathway
Abstract
Adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. Notch and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β) signaling pathways play critical roles in controlling these cell fate decisions. TGF‐β has been previously shown to exert pro‐neurogenic effects on hippocampal and subventricular zone (SVZ) NPCs in vitro and to interact with Notch in different cellular types. Therefore, the aim of our work was to study the effect of TGF‐β on adult rat brain SVZ NPC glial commitment and its interaction with Notch signaling. Initial cell charac...
Source: Glia - October 27, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Laura I. G ómez Pinto, Debora Rodríguez, Ana M. Adamo, Patricia A. Mathieu Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Astrocyte glycogen and lactate: New insights into learning and memory mechanisms
Glia, EarlyView. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - October 27, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
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Glia, Ahead of Print. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - October 27, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Astrocyte glycogen and lactate: New insights into learning and memory mechanisms
Abstract
Memory, the ability to retain learned information, is necessary for survival. Thus far, molecular and cellular investigations of memory formation and storage have mainly focused on neuronal mechanisms. In addition to neurons, however, the brain comprises other types of cells and systems, including glia and vasculature. Accordingly, recent experimental work has begun to ask questions about the roles of non‐neuronal cells in memory formation. These studies provide evidence that all types of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) make important contributions to the processing of encoded informati...
Source: Glia - October 27, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Cristina M. Alberini, Emmanuel Cruz, Giannina Descalzi, Benjamin Bessi ères, Virginia Gao Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research
Impairment of protein degradation and proteasome function in hereditary neuropathies
Abstract
In several neurodegenerative diseases in which misfolded proteins accumulate there is impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). We tested if a similar disruption of proteostasis occurs in hereditary peripheral neuropathies. In sciatic nerves from mouse models of two human neuropathies, Myelin Protein Zero mutation (S63del) and increased copy number (P0 overexpression), polyubiquitinated proteins accumulated, and the overall rates of protein degradation were decreased. 26S proteasomes affinity‐purified from sciatic nerves of S63del mice were defective in degradation of peptides and a ubiquitinated prot...
Source: Glia - October 27, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Jordan J. S. VerPlank, Sudarsanareddy Lokireddy, M. Laura Feltri, Alfred L. Goldberg, Lawrence Wrabetz Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Mechanisms of lysophosphatidylcholine ‐induced demyelination: A primary lipid disrupting myelinopathy
Abstract
For decades lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, lysolecithin) has been used to induce demyelination, without a clear understanding of its mechanisms. LPC is an endogenous lysophospholipid so it may cause demyelination in certain diseases. We investigated whether known receptor systems, inflammation or nonspecific lipid disruption mediates LPC‐demyelination in mice. We found that LPC nonspecifically disrupted myelin lipids. LPC integrated into cellular membranes and rapidly induced cell membrane permeability; in mice, LPC injury was phenocopied by other lipid disrupting agents. Interestingly, following its injection in...
Source: Glia - October 25, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Jason R. Plemel, Nathan J. Michaels, Nina Weishaupt, Andrew V. Caprariello, Michael B. Keough, James A. Rogers, Aran Yukseloglu, Jaehyun Lim, Vikas V. Patel, Khalil S. Rawji, Samuel K. Jensen, Wulin Teo, Belinda Heyne, Shawn N. Whitehead, Peter K. Stys, V Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
The ketone body metabolite β‐hydroxybutyrate induces an antidepression‐associated ramification of microglia via HDACs inhibition‐triggered Akt‐small RhoGTPase activation
We report that BHB as well as its producing stimuli fasting and KD induced obvious ramifications of murine microglia in basal and inflammatory conditions in a reversible manner, and these ramifications were accompanied with microglial profile toward M2 polarization and phagocytosis. The protein kinase B (Akt)‐small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1‐Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro‐ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1‐Cdc42 induced...
Source: Glia - October 23, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Chao Huang, Peng Wang, Xing Xu, Yaru Zhang, Yu Gong, Wenfeng Hu, Minhui Gao, Yue Wu, Yong Ling, Xi Zhao, Yibin Qin, Rongrong Yang, Wei Zhang Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Functional Rhythmogenic Domains Defined by Astrocytic Networks in the Trigeminal Main Sensory Nucleus
Abstract
Stimuli that induce rhythmic firing in trigeminal neurons also increase astrocytic coupling and reveal networks that define the boundaries of this particular population. Rhythmic firing depends on astrocytic coupling which in turn depends on S100β. In many nervous functions that rely on the ability of neuronal networks to generate a rhythmic pattern of activity, coordination of firing is an essential feature. Astrocytes play an important role in some of these networks, but the contribution of astrocytic coupling remains poorly defined. Here we investigate the modulation and organization of astrocytic networks in ...
Source: Glia - October 23, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Steven Condamine, Rapha ël Lavoie, Dorly Verdier, Arlette Kolta Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Fast Ca2+ responses in astrocyte end ‐feet and neurovascular coupling in mice
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is regulated by the activity of neurons and astrocytes. Understanding how these cells control activity‐dependent increases in CBF is crucial to interpreting functional neuroimaging signals. The relative importance of neurons and astrocytes is debated, as are the functional implications of fast Ca2+ changes in astrocytes versus neurons. Here, we used two‐photon microscopy to assess Ca2+ changes in neuropil, astrocyte processes, and astrocyte end‐feet in response to whisker pad stimulation in mice. We also developed a pixel‐based analysis to improve the detection of rapid Ca2+ signa...
Source: Glia - October 23, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Barbara Lykke Lind, Sanne Barsballe Jessen, Micael L ønstrup, Charlène Joséphine, Gilles Bonvento, Martin Lauritzen Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Epilepsy and astrocyte energy metabolism
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological syndrome characterized by neuronal hyperexcitability and sudden, synchronized electrical discharges that can manifest as seizures. It is now increasingly recognized that impaired astrocyte function and energy homeostasis play key roles in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Excessive neuronal discharges can only happen, if adequate energy sources are made available to neurons. Conversely, energy depletion during seizures is an endogenous mechanism of seizure termination. Astrocytes control neuronal energy homeostasis through neurometabolic coupling. In this review, we will discuss how ...
Source: Glia - October 17, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Detlev Boison, Christian Steinh äuser Tags: Review article Source Type: research
Epilepsy and astrocyte energy metabolism
Glia, EarlyView. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - October 17, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
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Glia, Ahead of Print. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - October 17, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Microglial ‐induced Müller cell gliosis is attenuated by progesterone in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa
Abstract
Norgestrel, a progesterone analogue, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Neuroprotection is achieved in part through Norgestrels anti‐inflammatory properties, alleviating detrimental microglial activity. Gliosis is a feature of many neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, including retinitis pigmentosa. Müller glia, a type of macroglia found in the retina, are major contributors of gliosis, characterized by the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Microglia‐Müller glia crosstalk has been implicated in the initiation of gliosis. In the rd10 r...
Source: Glia - October 16, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Sarah L Roche, Ana M Ruiz ‐Lopez, Jennifer N Moloney, Ashleigh M Byrne, Thomas G Cotter Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
