Sex differences in the phagocytic and migratory activity of microglia and their impairment by palmitic acid
In this study, we have determined the effect of palmitic acid in the inflammatory profile, motility, and phagocytosis of primary male and female microglia, both in basal conditions and in the presence of a pro‐inflammatory stimulus (interferon‐γ). Male microglia in vitro showed higher migration than female microglia under basal and stimulated conditions. In contrast, female microglia had higher basal and stimulated phagocytic activity than male microglia. Palmitic acid did not affect basal migration or phagocytosis, but abolished the migration and phagocytic activity of male and female microglia in response to interfe...
Source: Glia - November 15, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Natalia Yanguas ‐Casás, Andrea Crespo‐Castrillo, Maria L. de Ceballos, Julie A. Chowen, Iñigo Azcoitia, Maria Angeles Arevalo, Luis M. Garcia‐Segura Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Microglia from offspring of dams with allergic asthma exhibit epigenomic alterations in genes dysregulated in autism
Abstract
Dysregulation in immune responses during pregnancy increases the risk of a having a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among pregnant women, and symptoms often worsen during pregnancy. We recently developed a mouse model of maternal allergic asthma (MAA) that induces changes in sociability, repetitive, and perseverative behaviors in the offspring. Since epigenetic changes help a static genome adapt to the maternal environment, activation of the immune system may epigenetically alter fetal microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. We therefore tested ...
Source: Glia - November 14, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Annie Vogel Ciernia, Milo Careaga, Janine M. LaSalle, Paul Ashwood Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Systemic immune ‐checkpoint blockade with anti‐PD1 antibodies does not alter cerebral amyloid‐β burden in several amyloid transgenic mouse models
Abstract
Chronic inflammation represents a central component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent work suggests that breaking immune tolerance by Programmed cell Death‐1 (PD1) checkpoint inhibition produces an IFN‐γ‐dependent systemic immune response, with infiltration of the brain by peripheral myeloid cells and neuropathological as well as functional improvements even in mice with advanced amyloid pathology (Baruch et al., (): Nature Medicine, 22:135–137). Immune checkpoint inhibition was therefore suggested as potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders when activation of the immune s...
Source: Glia - November 14, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Martine Latta ‐Mahieu, Bradford Elmer, Alexis Bretteville, Yaming Wang, Mati Lopez‐Grancha, Philippe Goniot, Nicolas Moindrot, Paul Ferrari, Véronique Blanc, Nathalie Schussler, Emmanuel Brault, Valérie Roudières, Véronique Blanchard, Zhi‐Yong Y Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Origin and dynamics of oligodendrocytes in the developing brain: Implications for perinatal white matter injury
Abstract
Infants born prematurely are at high risk to develop white matter injury (WMI), due to exposure to hypoxic and/or inflammatory insults. Such perinatal insults negatively impact the maturation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), thereby causing deficits in myelination. To elucidate the precise pathophysiology underlying perinatal WMI, it is essential to fully understand the cellular mechanisms contributing to healthy/normal white matter development. OLs are responsible for myelination of axons. During brain development, OLs are generally derived from neuroepithelial zones, where neural stem cells committed to the OL lineage...
Source: Glia - November 14, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Erik van Tilborg, Caroline G.M. de Theije, Maurik van Hal, Nienke Wagenaar, Linda S. de Vries, Manon J. Benders, David H. Rowitch, Cora H. Nijboer Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research
Schwann cell precursors in health and disease
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are frequently regarded as neural crest‐derived cells (NCDCs) found in contact with axons during nerve formation. Nevertheless, cells with SCPs properties can be found up to the adulthood. They are well characterized with regard to both gene expression profile and cellular behavior —for instance, proliferation, migratory capabilities and survival requirements—. They differ in origin regarding their anatomic location: even though most of them are derived from migratory NCCs, there is also contribution of the boundary cap neural crest cells (bNCCs) to the skin and other tissues. ...
Source: Glia - November 10, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Jorge B. Aquino, Romina Sierra Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research
Astrocytic and neuronal oxidative metabolism are coupled to the rate of glutamate –glutamine cycle in the tree shrew visual cortex
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that glutamatergic neurotransmission is also coupled to the TCA cycle rate in astrocytes. For that we investigated energy metabolism by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the primary visual cortex of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) under light isoflurane anesthesia at rest and during continuous visual stimulation. After identifying the activated cortical volume by blood oxygenation level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging, 1H MRS was performed to measure stimulation‐induced variations in metabolite concentrations. Relative to baseline, stimulation of co...
Source: Glia - November 9, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Sarah Sonnay, Jordan Poirot, Nathalie Just, Anne ‐Catherine Clerc, Rolf Gruetter, Gregor Rainer, João M.N. Duarte Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Synthetic AAV/CRISPR vectors for blocking HIV ‐1 expression in persistently infected astrocytes
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the mammalian brain, perform key functions and are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can persist in astrocytes, contributing to the HIV burden and neurological dysfunctions in infected individuals. While a comprehensive approach to HIV cure must include the targeting of HIV‐1 in astrocytes, dedicated tools for this purpose are still lacking. Here we report a novel Adeno‐associated virus‐based vector (AAV9P1) with a synthetic surface peptide for transduction of astrocytes. Analysis of AAV9P1 transduction efficiencies w...
Source: Glia - November 9, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Christine Kunze, Kathleen B örner, Eike Kienle, Tanja Orschmann, Ejona Rusha, Martha Schneider, Milena Radivojkov‐Blagojevic, Micha Drukker, Sabrina Desbordes, Dirk Grimm, Ruth Brack‐Werner Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Current technical approaches to brain energy metabolism
This article presents a well‐referenced synopsis of the technical side of brain energy metabolism research. Detail and jargon are avoided whenever possible and emphasis is given to comparative strengths, limitations, and weaknesses, information that is often not available in regular articles.
Main Points
Brain energy metabolism is organized hierarchically
Different organizational levels require different technical approaches
Technical strengths and weaknesses are made explicit (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - November 7, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: L. Felipe Barros, Juan P. Bola ños, Gilles Bonvento, Anne‐Karine Bouzier‐Sore, Angus Brown, Johannes Hirrlinger, Sergey Kasparov, Frank Kirchhoff, Anne N. Murphy, Luc Pellerin, Michael B. Robinson, Bruno Weber Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research
Current technical approaches to brain energy metabolism
Glia, EarlyView. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - November 7, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
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Glia, Ahead of Print. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - November 7, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
A Parkinson's disease gene, DJ ‐1, repairs brain injury through Sox9 stabilization and astrogliosis
Abstract
Defects in repair of damaged brain accumulate injury and contribute to slow‐developing neurodegeneration. Here, we report that a deficiency of DJ‐1, a Parkinson's disease (PD) gene, delays repair of brain injury due to destabilization of Sox9, a positive regulator of astrogliosis. Stereotaxic injection of ATP into the brain striatum produces similar size of acute injury in wild‐type and DJ‐1‐knockout (KO) mice. However, recovery of the injury is delayed in KO mice, which is confirmed by 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. DJ‐1 regulates neurite outgrowth from damage...
Source: Glia - November 6, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Dong ‐Joo Choi, Jin‐Hwa Eun, Byung Gon Kim, Ilo Jou, Sang Myun Park, Eun‐Hye Joe Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Downregulation of spinal astrocytic connexin43 leads to upregulation of interleukin ‐6 and cyclooxygenase‐2 and mechanical hypersensitivity in mice
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43), involved in intercellular signaling, is expressed in spinal dorsal horn astrocytes and crucial in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Downregulation of spinal astrocytic Cx43 in mice enhances glutamatergic neurotransmission by decreasing glutamate transporter GLT‐1 expression, resulting in cutaneous hypersensitivity. Decreased expression of astrocytic Cx43 could lead to altered expression of other nociceptive molecules. Transfection of Cx43‐targeting siRNA in cultured spinal astrocytes increased expression of the pronociceptive cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and the prostaglandin synthes...
Source: Glia - November 6, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Norimitsu Morioka, Shiori Fujii, Syun Kondo, Fang Fang Zhang, Kazuki Miyauchi, Yoki Nakamura, Kazue Hisaoka ‐Nakashima, Yoshihiro Nakata Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
Retracted: Metallothionein I+II expression and their role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Following on from the Expression of Concern (10.1002/glia.22466) previously published by GLIA, the following Original Article has been retracted by the journal Editors and Publisher:Metallothionein I+II expression and their role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisBy Milena Penkowa and Juan HidalgoGLIA (2000), 32(3), 247–263DOI: 10.1002/1098–1136(200012)32:3<247::AID‐GLIA50>3.0.CO;2‐TDiscrepancies in the type and number of animals used in experiments performed by Milena Penkowa and reported in Table 1, identified during the course of investigations into Ms Penkowa's research, render the data and concl...
Source: Glia - November 6, 2017 Category: Neurology Tags: RETRACTION Source Type: research
Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytes: Mechanisms, consequences, and unknowns
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial cell in the central nervous system. These polarized cells possess numerous processes that ensheath the vasculature and contact synapses. Astrocytes play important roles in synaptic signaling, neurotransmitter synthesis and recycling, control of nutrient uptake, and control of local blood flow. Many of these processes depend on local metabolism and/or energy utilization. While astrocytes respond to increases in neuronal activity and metabolic demand by upregulating glycolysis and glycogenolysis, astrocytes also possess significant capacity for oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism. Mit...
Source: Glia - November 3, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Joshua G. Jackson, Michael B. Robinson Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research
Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytes: Mechanisms, consequences, and unknowns
Glia, EarlyView. (Source: Glia)
Source: Glia - November 3, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
