Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte

We report data suggesting that astrocytes are also sensitive to circulating endocrine signals—hormones like ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and leptin, that have a major impact on the CNS mechanisms controlling food intake and energy balance. We discuss signaling mechanisms that mediate communication between astrocytes and neurons and consider how these mechanisms are recruited by astrocytes activated in response to various metabolic challenges. We review experimental data suggesting that astrocytes modulate the activities of the respiratory and autonomic neuronal networks that ensure adaptive changes in breathing and sympathetic drive in order to support the physiological and behavioral demands of the organism in ever‐changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that altered astroglial function may contribute to the pathogenesis of disparate neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders such as Rett syndrome and systemic arterial hypertension. Main Points Astrocytes are versatile CNS sensors capable of detecting various metabolic and endocrine signals. Astrocytes modulate the activities of the brainstem respiratory and autonomic neuronal circuits that ensure metabolic homeostasis.
Source: Glia - Category: Neurology Authors: Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research