Racial and Ethnic Differences in What Smokers Report Paying for Their Cigarettes
Conclusions:
Average reported cigarette prices vary by race and ethnicity, in part due to differences in product use and purchase location. Tobacco price policies, especially those that target low prices for multipack products or on Indian reservations may increase the prices paid by whites and American Indians, who smoke at the highest rates and pay the least per pack.
Implications:
This study examines differences in reported prices paid by different racial and ethnic groups, using recent, national data from the United States. Results indicating that racial and ethnic groups that smoke at the highest rates (American Indi...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Golden, S. D., Kong, A. Y., Ribisl, K. M. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
The Experimental Tobacco Marketplace I: Substitutability as a Function of the Price of Conventional Cigarettes
Conclusions:
The ETM is a novel, practical assay that mimics the real-world marketplace, and functions as a simple research tool for both researchers and participants. Across the two experiments the product mix in the ETM altered which products functioned as substitutes suggesting complex interactions between purchasing and product availability.
Implications:
This article adds a novel method of collecting purchasing data that mimics real world purchasing to the existing literature. The ETM is a practical avenue by which to study both hypothetical and potentially real purchasing. (Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research)
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Quisenberry, A. J., Koffarnus, M. N., Hatz, L. E., Epstein, L. H., Bickel, W. K. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Calibration of the Spanish PROMIS Smoking Item Banks
Conclusions:
The Spanish PROMIS smoking item banks are highly similar, but not entirely equivalent, to the original English versions. The parameters from these two-group calibrations can be used to generate comparable bank scores across the two language versions.
Implications:
In this study, we developed a Spanish version of the PROMIS smoking toolkit, which was originally designed and developed for English speakers. With the growing Spanish-speaking population, it is important to make the toolkit more accessible by translating the items and calibrating the Spanish version to be comparable with English-language scores. Th...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Huang, W., Stucky, B. D., Edelen, M. O., Tucker, J. S., Shadel, W. G., Hansen, M., Cai, L. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Nicotine Enhances High-Fat Diet-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Kidney
Conclusions:
Tobacco smoking or the increasingly popular E-cigarettes—via NIC exposure—could worsen obesity-associated lipotoxicity in the kidney. Hence, our findings could help to develop strategies that mitigate adverse effects of NIC on the obese kidney.
Implications:
Life expectancy of an obese smoker is 13 years less than a normal weight smoker, which could be linked to the increased renal risk imposed by smoking. NIC—the main component of tobacco smoke, E-cigarettes and replacement therapies—links smoking to renal injury via oxidative stress, which could superimpose renal oxidative stress cau...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Arany, I., Hall, S., Reed, D. K., Reed, C. T., Dixit, M. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Oxidative Stress in Youth and Adolescents With Elevated Body Mass Index Exposed to Secondhand Smoke
Conclusions:
We have demonstrated a significant positive relationship hair nicotine level and MDA in a group of youth with a high proportion of overweight/obese subjects.
Implications:
We have shown a significant relationship between objectively measured SHS exposure and one marker of oxidative stress in a sample of youth and adolescents with a high proportion of overweight/obese subjects, and who were nonsmokers with relatively low tobacco exposure. This finding remains significant after controlling for age, sex, race, and type of medical insurance. Since the cardiovascular effects of SHS exposure are related to oxidativ...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Groner, J. A., Huang, H., Eastman, N., Lewis, L., Joshi, M. S., Schanbacher, B. L., Nicholson, L., Bauer, J. A. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Risk Profiles of Youth Single, Dual, and Poly Tobacco Users
Conclusion:
As the number of tobacco products increased, nicotine dependence and perceived tobacco use among peers increased, whereas quit intentions decreased. Dual users had greater tobacco harm perceptions than poly and single users and higher prevalence of electronic cigarette use. Results suggest that poly use may be driven by addiction whereas dual use may be motivated by intentions to quit. Focused risk assessments may inform tailored interventions for distinct types of tobacco users.
Implications:
This study provides an in-depth look at the risks for concurrent tobacco use among youth by creating unique risk profi...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Ali, M., Gray, T. R., Martinez, D. J., Curry, L. E., Horn, K. A. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Evaluation of Biomarkers of Exposure in Smokers Switching to a Carbon-Heated Tobacco Product: A Controlled, Randomized, Open-Label 5-Day Exposure Study
Conclusions:
Our results provide clear evidence supporting a reduction in the level of exposure to HPHCs of tobacco smoke in smokers who switch to CHTP under controlled conditions, similar to that observed in SA.
Implications:
The reductions observed in biomarkers of exposure to HPHCs of tobacco smoke in this short-term study could potentially also reduce the incidence of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in those smokers who switch to a heated tobacco product. (Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research)
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Lüdicke, F., Haziza, C., Weitkunat, R., Magnette, J. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
A Risk-Continuum Categorization of Product Use Among US Youth Tobacco Users
Conclusions:
Curbing tobacco use warrants research on users of more than one tobacco-product categories according to the risk-continuum categorization.
Implications:
We present a risk-continuum categorization of product-use patterns among tobacco users not older than 17 years. We classify tobacco users into five mutually exclusive product-use patterns: cigarette only users, non-cigarette combustible only users, noncombustible only users, dual use, and polytobacco use. This categorization overcomes limitations in current literature on tobacco-use patterns, which include exclusion of certain products (eg, e-cigarettes) and ...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: El-Toukhy, S., Choi, K. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Sensory Effects of Menthol and Nicotine in an E-Cigarette
Conclusion:
In addition to adding a sensation of coolness, menthol can reduce perceived airway irritation and harshness produced by inhalation when nicotine concentration is high, and contributes to the sensory impact of E-liquids when nicotine concentration is low.
Implications:
The evidence presented here indicates that menthol can potentially improve the appeal of E-cigarettes not only via its coolness and minty flavor, but also by reducing the harshness from high concentrations of nicotine. As the first direct demonstration of an analgesic effect of menthol on inhaled nicotine in humans, these data also have implicati...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Rosbrook, K., Green, B. G. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Adolescents and Young Adults Knowledge and Beliefs About Constituents in Novel Tobacco Products
Conclusions:
Risk communication messages could capitalize on negative associations with familiar constituents, or attempt to educate about unfamiliar constituents, to discourage novel tobacco product use among adolescents and young adults.
Implications:
The results of this study have implications for how the FDA and other agencies can communicate about the risks of novel tobacco products to the general public, which will be particularly important once the Deeming Rule is finalized. Our findings suggest it may be effective to capitalize on the public’s negative beliefs about and associations with familiar constituent...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Wiseman, K. D., Cornacchione, J., Wagoner, K. G., Noar, S. M., Moracco, K. E., Teal, R., Wolfson, M., Sutfin, E. L. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Menthol Content in US Marketed Cigarettes
Conclusions:
Menthol levels in cigarette products labeled as containing menthol are approximately 50- to 5000-fold higher than those in cigarette products not labeled as containing menthol. In general, menthol content appears to occur within discrete ranges for both mentholated and nonmentholated cigarettes.
Implications:
This study shows that menthol may be present in non-mentholated cigarettes and adds to the understanding of how menthol may be used in cigarette products. It is the first systematic study from the same laboratory which will readily enable comparison among menthol and non-menthol cigarettes. (Source: Nico...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Ai, J., Taylor, K. M., Lisko, J. G., Tran, H., Watson, C. H., Holman, M. R. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
"My First Thought was Croutons": Perceptions of Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke Constituents Among Adult Smokers and Nonsmokers
Conclusions:
Participants showed enthusiasm for learning more information about constituents, and also showed substantial misunderstandings about the source of harmful constituents. Our findings contribute to the limited body of research on adults’ knowledge and perceptions of cigarette smoke constituents and can aid the FDA as it plans to disclose constituent information to the public.
Implications:
Our study provides information about adults’ understanding of cigarette smoke constituents and what adults would like to know about these constituents. This information can help communication campaigns describe ci...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Moracco, K. E., Morgan, J. C., Mendel, J., Teal, R., Noar, S. M., Ribisl, K. M., Hall, M. G., Brewer, N. T. Tags: Original Investigation Source Type: research
Smoking and Air Pollution as Pro-Inflammatory Triggers for the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Conclusions:
An increasing body of evidence has linked chronic inflammatory events in the lungs of smokers, to the production of anti-citrullinated peptide autoantibodies and development of RA. Creation of awareness of the associated risks, assessment of smoking status and implementation of compelling antismoking strategies must be included in the routine clinical management of patients presenting with suspected RA.
Implications:
Chronic inflammatory mechanisms operative in the lungs of smokers lead to the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies which, in turn, drive the development of RA. These mechanistic in...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Anderson, R., Meyer, P. W. A., Ally, M. M. T. M., Tikly, M. Tags: Review Source Type: research
An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products
Conclusions:
Natural tobacco smoke is a very complex matrix of components, therefore analysis of the contribution of an additive or a combination of additives to the level of dependence on this product is challenging. We propose to combine different type of studies analyzing overall tobacco product dependence potential and the functioning of additives in relation to nicotine. By using a combination of techniques, changes associated with nicotine dependence such as behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical alterations can be examined to provide sufficient information.
Research needs and knowledge gaps will be discussed a...
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: van de Nobelen, S., Kienhuis, A. S., Talhout, R. Tags: Review Source Type: research
Understanding the Role of Additives in Tobacco Products
(Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research)
Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research - June 10, 2016 Category: Addiction Authors: Munafo, M. Tags: Editorial Source Type: research
