Novel Odd-Chain Fatty Acids with a Terminal Double Bond in Ovaries of the Limpet Cellana toreuma
In this study, among previously unidentified FA (less than 0.1% of total FA), four novel NMI FA with a terminal double bond [7,18-nonadecadienoic (19:2 Δ7,18), 11,18-nonadecadienoic (19:2Δ11,18), 7,20-heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ7,20), and 11,20-heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ11,20) acids] were found, along with known 14-pentadecenoic (15:1Δ14), 16-heptadecenoic (17:1Δ16), and 9,18-nonadecadienoic (19:2Δ9,18) acids, based on capillary GC–MS of their me thyl esters, 3-pyridylcarbinol derivatives, and argentation thin-layer chromatography. From our findings, possible biosynthetic pathways for the novel FA are discussed. (Source: Lipids)
Source: Lipids - February 22, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
New and Uncommon Fatty Acids in Lipids of Deep-Sea Foraminifera
AbstractFatty acids (FA) of agglutinating foraminifera of two genera,Bathysiphon andRhabdammina, collected from a depth of 3307 –3377 m in the Kuril Basin, Sea of Okhotsk, and adjacent deep-sea waters of the Pacific Ocean, were analyzed. In lipids of twoBathysiphon species, in addition to common FA typical for marine organisms, the uncommon ∆4 and ∆7 monoenoic acids and ∆4,7-dienoic acid were found in noticeable amounts. FA of twoRhabdammina species included also such uncommon acids as ∆5,8,11,14–21:4, ∆5,8,11,14–22:4, and ∆5,8,11,14–23:4, which are homologues to arachidonic acid. High levels ofcis-vac...
Source: Lipids - February 15, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Transcriptomic Analysis of THP-1 Macrophages Exposed to Lipoprotein Hydrolysis Products Generated by Lipoprotein Lipase
AbstractMacrophage lipoprotein lipase (LPL) induces lipid accumulation and promotes atherosclerosis. However, the effects of lipoprotein hydrolysis products generated by LPL on macrophage-derived foam cell formation are not clearly understood. Thus, we analyzed the transcriptomic response to hydrolysis products via microarray analyses on RNA isolated from human THP-1 macrophages incubated with total lipoprotein hydrolysis products generated by LPL. The expression of 183 transcripts was significantly upregulated and 133 transcripts were significantly downregulated. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that there was a significa...
Source: Lipids - February 14, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Determination of Substrate Preferences for Desaturases and Elongases for Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Oleic Acid in Engineered Canola
AbstractProduction of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plant seed oils has been pursued to improve availability of these omega-3 fatty acids that provide important human health benefits. Canola (Brassica napus), through the introduction of 10 enzymes, can convert oleic acid (OLA) into EPA and ultimately DHA through a pathway consisting of two elongation and five desaturation steps. Herein we present an assessment of the substrate specificity of the seven desaturases and three elongases that were introduced into canola by expressing individual proteins in yeast.In vivo feeding experiments were c...
Source: Lipids - February 13, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
(4 Z ,15 Z )-Octadecadienoic Acid Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 β and Glucose Production in H4IIE Cells
AbstractMany uncommon non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMI FA) are present in limpet gonads, but their biological properties remain unknown. To investigate new biological effects of naturally occurring NMI FA in eukaryotic cells, the biological activities of structurally analogous (4Z,15Z)-octadecadienoic acid (1), (9Z,20Z)-tricosadienoic acid (2), and (12Z,23Z)-hexacosadienoic acid (3) were examined by using a yeast-based drug-screening system using the Ca2+-sensitive mutant strain,Saccharomyces cerevisiae (zds1 Δerg3 Δpdr1 Δpdr3 Δ). Among1–3,1 showed restored growth activity at a dose of 80 µg/disc in the ...
Source: Lipids - February 12, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Changes in Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition During Intramacrophagic Transformation of Leishmania donovani Complex Promastigotes into Amastigotes
AbstractLeishmania sp., are trypanosomatid parasites that are phagocytized by human and animal macrophages. Transformation from the vector promastigote stage to the intracellular amastigote host cell stage is mandatory, since development in the host depends on the internalization of the parasite. We identified and analyzed the lipids involved in the promastigote to amastigote transformation process in theLeishmania donovani complex. Four lipid classes, phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides and sterols were studied. The derivatization method of Bligh and Dyer was used to establish the fatty acid composition in each...
Source: Lipids - February 3, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
EPA, DHA, and Lipoic Acid Differentially Modulate the n-3 Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathway in Atlantic Salmon Hepatocytes
AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate how EPA, DHA, and lipoic acid (LA) influence the different metabolic steps in the n-3 fatty acid (FA) biosynthetic pathway in hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon fed four dietary levels (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) of EPA, DHA or a 1:1 mixture of these FA. The hepatocytes were incubated with [1-14C] 18:3n-3 in the presence or absence of LA (0.2 mM). Increased endogenous levels of EPA and/or DHA and LA exposure both led to similar responses in cells with reduced desaturation and elongation of [1-14C] 18:3n-3 to 18:4n-3, 20:4n-3, and EPA, in agreement with reduced expression ...
Source: Lipids - January 27, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Glucose Uptake and Triacylglycerol Synthesis Are Increased in Barth Syndrome Lymphoblasts
We examined the reasons for this in BTHS lymphoblasts. BTHS lymphoblasts exhibited a 60% increase (p < 0.004) in 2-[1,2-3H(N)]deoxy-d-glucose uptake, a 40% increase (p < 0.01) in glucose transporter-3 protein expression, an increase in phosphorylated-adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) and a 58% increase (p < 0.001) in the phosphorylated-AMPK/AMPK ratio compared to controls. In addition, BTHS lymphoblasts exhibited a 90% (p < 0.001) increase ind-[U-14C]glucose incorporated into 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol (TAG) and a 29% increase (p < 0.025) in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase-2 activity...
Source: Lipids - January 16, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
High Content of Dicranin in Anisothecium spirale (Mitt.) Broth., a Moss from Eastern Himalayas and Its Chemotaxonomic Significance
AbstractChemical investigation ofAnisothecium spirale (Mitt.) Broth. (Family Dicranaceae), an epiphytic moss from the Darjeeling district hill region of the Eastern Himalayas was performed for the first time. Analysis of neutral lipid and phospholipid classes as well as their respective fatty acids revealed the presence of a significantly high content of octadeca-6-yn-9,12,15-trienoic acid, an acetylenic fatty acid commonly known as dicranin. Dicranin and a less abundant acetylenic fatty acid were detected in neutral lipids. The unique nature of the fatty acid signature supports the view of considering dicranin as chemotax...
Source: Lipids - January 15, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Intake of up to 3 Eggs/Day Increases HDL Cholesterol and Plasma Choline While Plasma Trimethylamine- N -oxide is Unchanged in a Healthy Population
AbstractEggs are a source of cholesterol and choline and may impact plasma lipids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations, which are biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Therefore, the effects of increasing egg intake (0, 1, 2, and 3 eggs/day) on these and other CVD risk biomarkers were evaluated in a young, healthy population. Thirty-eight subjects [19 men/19 women, 24.1 ± 2.2 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2] participated in this 14-week crossover intervention. Participants underwent a 2-week washout with no egg consumption, followed by intake of 1, 2, and 3 eggs/day for 4 wee...
Source: Lipids - January 12, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Dietary fatty acids influence the growth and fatty acid composition of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
This study investigated the possibility of modifying the fat content and the FA composition of yellow mealworms through feeding and how this would be influenced by developmental stages, pupal sex, and generation with the future aim of applying this coleopteran as a diet supplement for human health. Growth rate and cumulative mortality percentage on the different feeding substrates were also evaluated to select the optimal conditions for a mass-raising of this insect species. Despite the different fat content in the six different breeding substrates used,T. molitor larvae and pupae contained a constant fat percentage (>...
Source: Lipids - January 11, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
A Comparison of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cis -9, Trans -11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid to Celecoxib in the Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model
AbstractCyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, for chronic inflammatory disease are associated with adverse health events, whilecis-9,trans-11 (c9t11) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is anti-inflammatory without adverse events attributed to pure intake. Mechanistically, celecoxib and c9t11 disrupt the arachidonic acid cascade; however, the equivalency of anti-inflammatory effects between these compounds is unknown. Therefore, to test the hypothesis that 0.5% dietary c9t11 reduces inflammation equivalently to a celecoxib dose intended to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 5 mg/kgbw), arthritic mice received die...
Source: Lipids - January 10, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Sulfatides Primarily Exist in the Substantia Nigra Region of Mouse Brain Tissue
AbstractLipid distribution in the brain is important for many biological functions and has been associated with some brain diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate lipid distribution in different regions of brain tissue in mice. To this end, substantia nigra (SN), caudate putamen (CPu), hippocampus (Hip), hypothalamus (Hyp), and cortex (Cx) tissues of mice were analyzed using direct infusion nanoelectrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry and multivariate analyses. The SN, CPu, Hip, Hyp, and Cx groups showed clear differences in lipid distribution using principal component analysis and a partial least-squares discrim...
Source: Lipids - January 10, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Trans -Fatty Acid-Stimulated Mammary Gland Growth in Ovariectomized Mice is Fatty Acid Type and Isomer Specific
AbstractWe previously reported that thetrans-18:2 fatty acidtrans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12-CLA) stimulates mammary gland development independent of estrogen and its receptor. Given the negative consequences of dietarytrans-fatty acids on various aspects of human health, we sought to establish whether othertrans-fatty acids could similarly induce ovary-independent mammary gland growth in mice. Prepubertal BALB/cJ mice were ovariectomized at 21 days of age then were fed diets enriched withcis-9,trans-11 CLA (c9,t11-CLA), or mixtures oftrans-18:1 fatty acids supplied by partially hydrogenated sunflower, saf...
Source: Lipids - January 9, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Barth Syndrome: Connecting Cardiolipin to Cardiomyopathy
AbstractThe Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inborn error of metabolism that manifests characteristic phenotypic features including altered mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, lactic acidosis, organic acid-uria, skeletal muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. The underlying cause of BTHS has been definitively traced to mutations in the tafazzin (TAZ) gene locus on chromosome X.TAZ encodes a phospholipid transacylase that promotes cardiolipin acyl chain remodeling. Absence of tafazzin activity results in cardiolipin molecular species heterogeneity, increased levels of monolysocardiolipin and lower cardiolipin abundance....
Source: Lipids - January 8, 2017 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
