Absolute Stereochemistry of 1,2-Diols from Lipids of Thermomicrobia
Abstract
1,2-Diol based phospholipids are a well-known feature of bacteria from the class Thermomicrobia. Since these bacteria contain only lipids with an alkyldiol-1-phosphate backbone instead of sn-glycero-3-phosphate, it is important to elucidate the stereochemistry of the 1,2-diols. We have studied the absolute stereochemistry of long-chain 1,2-diols isolated from Thermorudis pharmacophila (formerly known as Thermomicrobia sp. WKT50.2) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using α-methoxyphenylacetic acid (MPA). Low-temperature (−60 °C) NMR of bis-(R)-MPA ester showed (R) stereochemistry of the 1,2...
Source: Lipids - January 23, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
The Yeast ATF1 Acetyltransferase Efficiently Acetylates Insect Pheromone Alcohols: Implications for the Biological Production of Moth Pheromones
Abstract
Many moth pheromones are composed of mixtures of acetates of long-chain (≥10 carbon) fatty alcohols. Moth pheromone precursors such as fatty acids and fatty alcohols can be produced in yeast by the heterologous expression of genes involved in insect pheromone production. Acetyltransferases that subsequently catalyze the formation of acetates by transfer of the acetate unit from acetyl-CoA to a fatty alcohol have been postulated in pheromone biosynthesis. However, so far no fatty alcohol acetyltransferases responsible for the production of straight chain alkyl acetate pheromone components in in...
Source: Lipids - January 22, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Mouse Strain Impacts Fatty Acid Uptake and Trafficking in Liver, Heart, and Brain: A Comparison of C57BL/6 and Swiss Webster Mice
Abstract
C57BL/6 and Swiss Webster mice are used to study lipid metabolism, although differences in fatty acid uptake between these strains have not been reported. Using a steady state kinetic model, [1-14C]16:0, [1-14C]20:4n-6, or [1-14C]22:6n-3 was infused into awake, adult male mice and uptake into liver, heart, and brain determined. The integrated area of [1-14C]20:4n-6 in plasma was significantly increased in C57BL/6 mice, but [1-14C]16:0 and [1-14C]22:6n-3 were not different between groups. In heart, uptake of [1-14C]20:4n-6 was increased 1.7-fold in C57BL/6 mice. However, trafficking of [1-14C]22:6...
Source: Lipids - January 21, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase-Dependent Phospholipid Synthesis Modulates Phospholipid Mass and IL-2 Production in Jurkat T Cells
We report here that many of the key dysfunctional characteristics of murine GPAT-1−/− T cells are recapitulated in the GPAMKD Jurkat T cell. We found striking decreased IL-2 production along with altered phospholipid mass and increased incidence of apoptosis. Since PtdOH is an indirect downstream product of GPAM, we attempted to rescue IL-2 production with PtdOH supplementation; however, this addition did not return IL-2 production to normal levels. Interestingly, we did find significantly decreased Zap-70 phosphorylation following stimulation, suggesting that GPAM deficiency may alter membrane based stimulatory signal...
Source: Lipids - January 21, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Increased HDL Size and Enhanced Apo A-I Catabolic Rates Are Associated With Doxorubicin-Induced Proteinuria in New Zealand White Rabbits
Abstract
The catabolism and structure of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) may be the determining factor of their atheroprotective properties. To better understand the role of the kidney in HDL catabolism, here we characterized HDL subclasses and the catabolic rates of apo A-I in a rabbit model of proteinuria. Proteinuria was induced by intravenous administration of doxorubicin in New Zealand white rabbits (n = 10). HDL size and HDL subclass lipids were assessed by electrophoresis of the isolated lipoproteins. The catabolic rate of HDL-apo A-I was evaluated by exogenous radiolabelling with iodine-131. Do...
Source: Lipids - January 19, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
A Low-Protein, High-Carbohydrate Diet Stimulates Thermogenesis in the Brown Adipose Tissue of Rats via ATF-2
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of rats submitted to low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet and the involvement of adrenergic stimulation in this process. Male rats (~100 g) were submitted to LPHC (6 %-protein; 74 %-carbohydrate) or control (C; 17 %-protein; 63 %-carbohydrate) isocaloric diets for 15 days. The IBAT temperature was evaluated in the rats before and after the administration of noradrenaline (NA) (20 µg 100 g b w−1 min−1). The expression levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and other proteins in...
Source: Lipids - January 19, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Vitamin D and Evening Primrose Oil Administration Improve Glycemia and Lipid Profiles in Women with Gestational Diabetes
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and EPO administration on insulin resistance and lipid concentrations among women with GDM. In this prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 participants with GDM were divided into 2 groups of either 1000 IU vitamin D3 and 1000 mg EPO or placebo for 6 weeks. At the beginning and end of the study, fasting blood samples were obtained from the participants to measure related variables. After 6 weeks of intervention, changes in fasting plasma glucose (−3.6 ± 7.5 vs. +1.5 ± 11.4 mg/dL, P = 0.04), serum insulin concentr...
Source: Lipids - January 19, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Hypolipidemic Effects of Phospholipids (PL) Containing n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) Are Not Dependent on Esterification of n-3 PUFA to PL
This study evaluated the effects of dietary PL containing n-3 PUFA and elucidated the effects of the glycerophosphate structure and n-3 PUFA on fatty acid (FA) metabolism in rats. Rats were fed a basal diet containing soybean oil alone, TAG containing n-3 PUFA (1.8 %), soybean PL (2.7 %), PL containing n-3 PUFA (2.7 %), or TAG containing n-3 PUFA (1.8 %) + soybean PL (2.7 %). The present n-3 PUFA-supplemented diets had similar FA compositions, and the PL diets had similar PL compositions. TAG containing n-3 PUFA reduced serum TAG contents, but did not affect serum cholesterol contents compared with soybean oil alone...
Source: Lipids - January 13, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Short-Term Stability of Whole Blood Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content on Filter Paper During Storage at −28 °C
Abstract
Finger or heel-pricked blood sampling for fatty acid analysis is suitable especially in newborn infants where blood sampling is difficult and phlebotomy for research can be unethical. The aim of this study was to evaluate dried blood long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) stability during storage at −28 °C. We collected 12 blood cord samples that were analyzed immediately after blood drawing, with and without drying the blood on filter paper. Dried samples were then analyzed 7 days and 1, 3, and 6 months after collection. Butylated hydroxytoluene was added to all samples. Fatty ac...
Source: Lipids - January 9, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Analysis of Plasmalogen Species in Foodstuffs
Abstract
Ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn), which is present at high levels in brains, is believed to be involved in neuronal protection. The present study was performed to search for PlsEtn resources in foodstuffs. The foodstuffs examined showed a wide range of PlsEtn contents from 5 to 549 μmol/100 g wet wt. The marine invertebrates, blue mussel, and ascidian had high PlsEtn contents (over 200 μmol/100 g wet wt). Profiling of the molecular species showed that the predominant fatty acids of PlsEtn species were 20:5 (EPA) and 22:6 (DHA) at the sn-2 position of the glycerol moiety in marine foodstuff...
Source: Lipids - January 5, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Impact of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has garnered special attention as a food bioactive compound that prevents and attenuates obesity. Although most studies on the effects of CLA on obesity have focused on the reduction of body fat, a number of studies have demonstrated that CLA also increases lean body mass and enhances physical performances. It has been suggested that these effects may be due in part to physiological changes in the skeletal muscle, such as changes in the muscle fiber type transformation, alteration of the intracellular signaling pathways in muscle metabolism, or energy metabolism. Ho...
Source: Lipids - January 4, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2-Driven Cholesterol Esterification Opposes Liver X Receptor-Stimulated Fecal Neutral Sterol Loss
Abstract
Statin drugs have proven a successful and relatively safe therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, even with the substantial low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering achieved with statin treatment, CVD remains the top cause of death in developed countries. Selective inhibitors of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol-O acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) hold great promise as effective CVD therapeutics. In mouse models, previous work has demonstrated that either antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) or small molecule inhibitors of SOAT2 can effectively red...
Source: Lipids - January 4, 2016 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Isoprenoid Alcohols are Susceptible to Oxidation with Singlet Oxygen and Hydroxyl Radicals
In this study, chemical oxidation of isoprenoid alcohols (Prenol-2 and -10) was performed using singlet oxygen (generated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide/molybdate or upon photochemical reaction in the presence of porphyrin), oxygen (formed upon hydrogen peroxide dismutation) or hydroxyl radical (generated by the hydrogen peroxide/sonication, UV/titanium dioxide or UV/hydrogen peroxide) systems. The structure of the obtained products, hydroxy-, peroxy- and heterocyclic derivatives, was studied with the aid of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Furthermore, mass spectrometry with elect...
Source: Lipids - December 30, 2015 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Current Evidence Supporting the Link Between Dietary Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease
The objective of this article is to review current evidence concerning cardiovascular health effects of the main dietary fatty acid types; namely, trans (TFA), saturated (SFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA; n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Accumulating evidence shows negative health impacts of TFA and SFA; both may increase CVD risk. Policies have been proposed to reduce TFA and SFA consumption to less than 1 and 7 % of energy intake, respectively. Cardiovascular health might be promoted by replacing SFA and TFA with n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, or MUFA; however, the optimal amount of PUFA or MUFA that can ...
Source: Lipids - December 30, 2015 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Low Levels of HDL in Fragile X Syndrome Patients
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of familial mental retardation and one of the leading known causes of autism. The mutation responsible for FXS is a large expansion of the CGG repeats in the promoter region of the FMR1 gene resulting in the transcriptional silencing of the gene in the pathophysiology of Fragile X syndrome was hypothesized. 23 male patients affected by Fragile X syndrome (full mutation in the FMR1 gene) and 24 controls were included in the study. The serum levels of HDL-C were lower in FXS patients (p < 0.001). The serum levels triacylglycerols were higher in ...
Source: Lipids - December 28, 2015 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
