Challenges in mucosal vaccines for the control of infectious diseases
The mucosal surface is the largest route through which pathogens enter the human body. To control the outbreak of mucosal infectious diseases, we must use our knowledge of the mucosal immune system to create vaccines that elicit protective mucosal and systemic immunity. Mucosal vaccines have advantages over traditional injectable vaccines in that they not only induce effective mucosal immune responses, but they also do not cause physical or psychological discomfort. Mucosal vaccines currently licensed for human use include oral vaccines against Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, poliovirus and rotavirus, and nasal vaccines...
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Azegami, T., Yuki, Y., Kiyono, H. Tags: Invited review Source Type: research
Pleiotropic functions of TNF-{alpha} in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation
An important function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier. Inflammation challenges the integrity of the mucosal barrier and the intestinal epithelium needs to adapt to a multitude of signals in order to perform the complex process of maintenance and restitution of its barrier function. Dysfunctions in epithelial barrier integrity and restoration contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Mucosal healing has developed to a significant treatment goal in IBD. In this review, we would like to hi...
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Leppkes, M., Roulis, M., Neurath, M. F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. Tags: Invited review Source Type: research
Regulation of intestinal health and disease by innate lymphoid cells
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently appreciated immune cell population that is constitutively found in the healthy mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated lymphoid tissues. Translational studies have revealed that alterations in ILC populations are associated with GI disease in patients, such as inflammatory bowel disease, HIV infection and colon cancer, suggesting a potential role for ILCs in either maintaining intestinal health or promoting intestinal disease. Mouse models identified that ILCs have context-dependent protective and pathologic functions either during the steady state, or following infe...
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Sonnenberg, G. F. Tags: Invited review Source Type: research
Inflammasomes and intestinal homeostasis: regulating and connecting infection, inflammation and the microbiota
Inflammasomes are large cytosolic protein complexes that detect infection and stress-associated signals and promote immediate inflammatory responses. In the intestine, activation of the inflammasome leads to an inflammatory response that is important for controlling enteric infections but can also result in pathological tissue damage. Recent studies have suggested that the inflammasome also regulates intestinal homeostasis through its effects on the intestinal microbiota. Notably, many conflicting studies have been published regarding the effect of inflammasome deficiencies on intestinal homeostasis. Here, we attempt to re...
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Gagliani, N., Palm, N. W., de Zoete, M. R., Flavell, R. A. Tags: Invited review Source Type: research
New aspects of IgA synthesis in the gut
In mammals, the gastrointestinal tract is colonized by extremely dense and diverse bacterial communities that are beneficial for health. Maintenance of the complexity and the proper localization and distribution of gut bacteria is of prime importance because when disrupted, the microbial community attacks the host’s tissues and causes inflammatory reactions. Our immune system provides the necessary mechanisms to maintain the homeostatic balance between microbial communities and the host. IgA plays crucial roles in regulation of host–bacteria interactions in the gut. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin isoty...
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Suzuki, K., Nakajima, A. Tags: Invited review Source Type: research
Regulation of the gut microbiota by the mucosal immune system in mice
The benefits of commensal bacteria to the health of the host have been well documented, such as providing stimulation to potentiate host immune responses, generation of useful metabolites, and direct competition with pathogens. However, the ability of the host immune system to control the microbiota remains less well understood. Recent microbiota analyses in mouse models have revealed detailed structures and diversities of microbiota at different sites of the digestive tract in mouse populations. The contradictory findings of previous studies on the role of host immune responses in overall microbiota composition are likely...
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Hasegawa, M., Inohara, N. Tags: Invited review Source Type: research
Introduction: Mucosal Immunology Special issue
(Source: International Immunology)
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Takeda, K. Tags: featured content Source Type: research
Table of Contents
(Source: International Immunology)
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Cover / Standing Material Source Type: research
Subscriptions
(Source: International Immunology)
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Cover / Standing Material Source Type: research
Cover
(Source: International Immunology)
Source: International Immunology - August 25, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Cover / Standing Material Source Type: research
A conformational change of C-reactive protein in burn wounds unmasks its proinflammatory properties
Tissue damage in burn injury leads to a rapid increase of leukocytes and acute phase reactants. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) rise within hours after the insult. No deficiency of this protein has been reported in humans, suggesting it plays a pivotal role in innate immunity. CRP in circulation is composed of five identical subunits [pentameric CRP (pCRP)]. Recently, deposits of structurally modified CRP (mCRP) have been found in inflammatory diseases. Little is known about this structural change and how it affects CRP functions. We analyzed CRP deposits in burn wounds and serum by immunohistochemistry, western ...
Source: International Immunology - July 28, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Braig, D., Kaiser, B., Thiele, J. R., Bannasch, H., Peter, K., Stark, G. B., Koch, H.-G., Eisenhardt, S. U. Tags: Original Research Source Type: research
Enhancement of Rituximab-induced cell death by the physical association of CD20 with CD40 molecules on the cell surface
In this study, we aimed at further investigating the Rituximab-induced cell death and the factors affecting such responses. Our results indicate that Rituximab-induced cell death depends on the nature of the cells and levels of CD20 expression on the cell surface. Coexpression of CD20 with CD40, a member of the TNF receptor family that is known to be physically associated with CD20 on the cell surface, enhances the apoptotic response induced by Rituximab. Inhibiting the formation of CD40 disulfide-bound-homodimers, a process required for some CD40 signaling, further enhances Rituximab-induced cell death. Cell death induced...
Source: International Immunology - July 28, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Al-Zoobi, L., Salti, S., Colavecchio, A., Jundi, M., Nadiri, A., Hassan, G. S., El-Gabalawy, H., Mourad, W. Tags: featured content Source Type: research
Systemic lupus erythematosus: molecular cloning and analysis of recombinant DNase monoclonal {kappa} light chain NGK-1
Because DNase antibodies are cytotoxic, enter the nucleus and cause DNA fragmentation inducing cell death by apoptosis, they can play an important role in the pathogenesis of different autoimmune pathologies and especially systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The interesting goal of catalytic antibodies research is not only to study a possible biological role of such antibodies, but also to develop in future new human and animal therapies that use the advantages offered by abzymes. An immunoglobulin light chain library from SLE patients was cloned into a phagemid vector. Phage particles displaying recombinant monoclonal an...
Source: International Immunology - July 28, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Kostrikina, I. A., Odintsova, E. S., Buneva, V. N., Nevinsky, G. A. Tags: Original Research Source Type: research
Role of B-1 cells in the immune response against an antigen encapsulated into phosphatidylcholine-containing liposomes
In conclusion, we present evidence for a cognate interaction between B-1 cells and phosphatidylcholine liposomes, modulating the immune response to encapsulated antigens. This provides a novel targeting approach to assess the role of B-1 cells in humoral immunity. (Source: International Immunology)
Source: International Immunology - July 28, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Cruz-Leal, Y., Machado, Y., Lopez-Requena, A., Canet, L., Laborde, R., Alvares, A. M., Lucatelli Laurindo, M. F., Santo Tomas, J. F., Alonso, M. E., Alvarez, C., Mortara, R. A., Popi, A. F., Mariano, M., Perez, R., Lanio, M. E. Tags: Original Research Source Type: research
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and Foxp3 expression: viral strategy in vivo
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, uveitis and infective dermatitis. However, it remains to be elucidated how HTLV-1 induces both neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. A critical component in the Treg-cell machinery is the transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), which is expressed in ~5% of CD4+ T cells of healthy individuals. Foxp3 is expressed in around 80% of ATL cases. Recent studies point to the capacity of Treg cells to convert to other cell types, even to t...
Source: International Immunology - July 28, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Miyazato, P., Matsuoka, M. Tags: Invited review Source Type: research
