Cell sources for in vitro human liver cell culture models
In vitro liver cell culture models are gaining increasing importance in pharmacological and toxicological research. The source of cells used is critical for the relevance and the predictive value of such models. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are currently considered to be the gold standard for hepatic in vitro culture models, since they directly reflect the specific metabolism and functionality of the human liver; however, the scarcity and difficult logistics of PHH have driven researchers to explore alternative cell sources, including liver cell lines and pluripotent stem cells. Liver cell lines generated from...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 22, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Zeilinger, K., Freyer, N., Damm, G., Seehofer, D., Knöspel, F. Tags: Pharmacology & amp;amp; Toxicology Source Type: research
Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and apolipoprotein E interactions as mechanisms in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
An increased risk for Alzheimer's disease is associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. A separate literature shows the genetic risk for developing Alzheimer's disease is strongly correlated to the presence of the E4 isoform of the apolipoprotein E carrier protein. Understanding how apolipoprotein E carrier protein, lipids, amyloid β peptides, glucose, central nervous system insulin, and peripheral insulin interact with one another in Alzheimer's disease is an area of increasing interest. Here, we will review the evidence relating apolipoprotein E carrier protein, lipids, and insulin action to Alzheimer's di...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 22, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Salameh, T. S., Rhea, E. M., Banks, W. A., Hanson, A. J. Tags: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Role of microglia in embryonic neurogenesis
Microglia begin colonizing the developing brain as early as embryonic day 9, prior to the emergence of neurons and other glia. Their ontogeny is also distinct from other central nervous system cells, as they derive from yolk sac hematopoietic progenitors and not neural progenitors. In this review, we feature these unique characteristics of microglia and assess the spatiotemporal similarities between microglia colonization of the central nervous system and embryonic neurogenesis. We also infer to existing evidence for microglia function from embryonic through to postnatal neurodevelopment to postulate roles for microglia in...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 22, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Tong, C. K., Vidyadaran, S. Tags: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Biochemistry, function, and deficiency of vitamin B12 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode that has been widely used as an animal for investigation of diverse biological phenomena. Vitamin B12 is essential for the growth of this worm, which contains two cobalamin-dependent enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase. A full complement of gene homologs encoding the enzymes associated with the mammalian intercellular metabolic processes of vitamin B12 is identified in the genome of C. elegans. However, this worm has no orthologs of the vitamin B12-binders that participate in human intestinal absorption and blood circulation. When the worm is treated with a vitamin...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 22, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Bito, T., Watanabe, F. Tags: Endocrinology & amp;amp; Nutrition Source Type: research
Expression kinetics of hepatic progenitor markers in cellular models of human liver development recapitulating hepatocyte and biliary cell fate commitment
Due to the limitations of research using human embryos and the lack of a biological model of human liver development, the roles of the various markers associated with liver stem or progenitor cell potential in humans are largely speculative, and based on studies utilizing animal models and certain patient tissues. Human pluripotent stem cell-based in vitro multistage hepatic differentiation systems may serve as good surrogate models for mimicking normal human liver development, pathogenesis and injury/regeneration studies. Here, we describe the implications of various liver stem or progenitor cell markers and their bi...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 22, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Chaudhari, P., Tian, L., Deshmukh, A., Jang, Y.-Y. Tags: Cell & amp;amp; Developmental Biology Source Type: research
Liver metastases: Microenvironments and ex-vivo models
The liver is a highly metastasis-permissive organ, tumor seeding of which usually portends mortality. Its unique and diverse architectural and cellular composition enable the liver to undertake numerous specialized functions, however, this distinctive biology, notably its hemodynamic features and unique microenvironment, renders the liver intrinsically hospitable to disseminated tumor cells. The particular focus for this perspective is the bidirectional interactions between the disseminated tumor cells and the unique resident cell populations of the liver; notably, parenchymal hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver sinusoid...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 22, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Clark, A. M., Ma, B., Taylor, D. L., Griffith, L., Wells, A. Tags: Biomedical Engineering Source Type: research
Nuclear alpha spectrin: Critical roles in DNA interstrand cross-link repair and genomic stability
Non-erythroid alpha spectrin (αIISp) is a structural protein which we have shown is present in the nucleus of human cells. It interacts with a number of nuclear proteins such as actin, lamin, emerin, chromatin remodeling factors, and DNA repair proteins. αIISp’s interaction with DNA repair proteins has been extensively studied. We have demonstrated that nuclear αIISp is critical in DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair in S phase, in both genomic (non-telomeric) and telomeric DNA, and in maintenance of genomic stability following ICL damage to DNA. We have proposed that αIISp acts as a scaff...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 22, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Lambert, M. W. Tags: Biochemistry & amp;amp; Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Erratum
Dina S El-Agamy, Hany M Abo-Haded and Mohamed A Elkablawy. Cardioprotective effects of sitagliptin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2016;241:1577–1587 (Original doi: 10.1177/1535370216643418) (Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine)
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - August 17, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
Corrigendum
(Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine)
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - July 28, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Corrigendum Source Type: research
Resveratrol counters systemic lupus erythematosus-associated atherogenicity by normalizing cholesterol efflux
This study presents evidence for a beneficial role of resveratrol in atherosclerosis in the specific setting of SLE. Therefore, resveratrol may merit investigation as an additional resource available to reduce lipid deposition and atherosclerosis in humans, especially in such vulnerable populations as lupus patients. (Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine)
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - July 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Voloshyna, I., Teboul, I., Littlefield, M. J., Siegart, N. M., Turi, G. K., Fazzari, M. J., Carsons, S. E., DeLeon, J., Reiss, A. B. Tags: Translational Research Source Type: research
Gradually increased oxygen administration promoted survival after hemorrhagic shock
Gradually increased oxygen administration (GIOA) seems promising in hemorrhagic shock. However, the effects of GIOA on survival remain unclear, and details of GIOA are to be identified. After the induction of hemorrhagic shock, the rats were randomized into five groups (n = 9): normoxic group (Normo), hyperoxic group (Hypero), normoxic to hyperoxic group (GIOA1), long-time hypoxemic to hyperoxic group (GIOA2), and short-time hypoxemic to hyperoxic group (GIOA3). Survival was recorded for 96 h, plasma alanine transaminase, oxidative stress, hemodynamics, and blood gas were measured. The mean survival time of the GIOA3 was s...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - July 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Luo, X., Chen, G., You, G., Wang, B., Lu, M., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Yin, Y., Zhao, L., Zhou, H. Tags: Physiology Source Type: research
Enhanced protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury with combined melatonin and exendin-4 in a rodent model
We tested the hypothesis that combined treatment with melatonin, an anti-oxidant, and exendin-4, an anti-inflammatory agent, was superior to either alone for protecting the kidney from ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were equally divided into group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR only, IR=1h/72h), group 3 (IR–exendin-4, 10 µg/kg at 30 min, 24 h, 48 h after IR procedure), group 4 (IR–melatonin, i.p. 50 mg at 30 min, then 20 mg at 6 and 18 h after IR procedure), and group 5 (combined IR–exendin-4–melatonin). All animals were sacrificed by 72 h...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - July 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Chang, Y.-C., Hsu, S.-Y., Yang, C.-C., Sung, P.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Huang, T.-H., Kao, G.-S., Chen, S.-Y., Chen, K.-H., Chiang, H.-J., Yip, H.-K., Lee, F.-Y. Tags: Physiology Source Type: research
Cardioprotective effects of sitagliptin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats
There is a large body of evidence suggesting that inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, such as sitagliptin, may exhibit beneficial effects against different inflammatory disorders. This investigation was conducted to elucidate the potential ability of sitagliptin to counteract the injurious effects of doxorubicin in cardiac tissue. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with sitagliptin for 10 days then treated with a single dose of doxorubicin (20 mg/kg, i.p). Electrocardiography, biochemical estimation of serum and tissue markers, and histo- and immunopathological examinations were done. Results have shown that supplementatio...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - July 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: El-Agamy, D. S., Abo-Haded, H. M., Elkablawy, M. A. Tags: Pharmacology & amp;amp; Toxicology Source Type: research
Isotetrandrine ameliorates tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress through upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression
In this study, we demonstrated the antioxidative effect and mechanism of 1R, 1'S-isotetrandrine against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. We found that 1R, 1'S-isotetrandrine suppressed cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, and glutathione depletion. Additionally, our study confirmed that 1R, 1'S-isotetrandrine significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 expression and nuclear translocation of factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Specifically, the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 induced by 1R, 1'S-isotetrandrine was associated with Nrf2 negative regul...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - July 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Wang, L., Ci, X., Lv, H., Wang, X., Qin, F. X., Cheng, G. Tags: Pharmacology & amp;amp; Toxicology Source Type: research
Chelidonic acid evokes antidepressant-like effect through the up-regulation of BDNF in forced swimming test
The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-depressant effects of chelidonic acid and to discuss the potential mechanisms of a forced swimming test. Chelidonic acid was administered orally once a day for 14 days. On the 14th day, chelidonic acid resulted in a significant decrease in immobility time during the forced swimming test without alteration of locomotor activity, in an open field test. Chelidonic acid also increased the number of nissl bodies in the hippocampus. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase phosphorylation in the hippocampus were up-regulate...
Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine - July 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Jeong, H.-J., Yang, S.-Y., Kim, H.-Y., Kim, N.-R., Jang, J.-B., Kim, H.-M. Tags: Pharmacology & amp;amp; Toxicology Source Type: research
