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Shape and geometry control of the Drosophila tracheal tubule
For efficient respiration, tubular airways must be constructed with an optimal diameter and length for the dimensions of the body. In Drosophila, the growth of embryonic tracheal tubules proceeds in two dimensions, by axial elongation and diameter expansion. The growth forces in each dimension are controlled by distinct genetic programs and cellular mechanisms. Recent studies reveal that the apical cortex and the apical extracellular matrix filling the luminal space are essential for the generation, balancing, and equilibrium of these growth forces. We here discuss the mechanical properties and architecture of the apical c...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - November 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Shigeo Hayashi, Bo Dong Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Roles and regulations of Hippo signaling during preimplantation mouse development
During preimplantation development, mouse embryos form two types of cells, the trophoectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM), by the early blastocyst stage. This process does not require maternal factors localized in the zygotes, and embryos self‐organize at the blastocyst stage through intercellular communications. In terms of the mechanisms of cell fate specification, three historical models have been proposed: the positional model, and the original and newer versions of the polarity model. Recent studies have revealed that the intercellular Hippo signaling pathway plays a central role in the specification of the first...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - November 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Hiroshi Sasaki Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Effect of temperature on eye morphogenesis in chick. Incubation at 29°C (right), rather than standard 38°C (left), resulted in abnormal protrusion of the eye. The thickening of the lens placode and the expression of α‐crystallin (arrowheads) appeared to be unaffected. Low temperature conditions resulted in dissociation of developmental events in the chick eye (See Iida et al. 741–749). (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - November 30, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Transcriptional and post ‐transcriptional regulation of histone variant H2A.Z during sea urchin development
Histone variant H2A.Z promotes chromatin accessibility at transcriptional regulatory elements and is developmentally regulated in metazoans. We characterize the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of H2A.Z in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. H2A.Z depletion by antisense translation‐blocking morpholino oligonucleotides during early development causes developmental collapse, in agreement with its previously demonstrated general role in transcriptional multipotency. During H2A.Z peak expression in 24‐h embryos, endogenous H2A.Z 3′ UTR sequences stabilize GFP mRNAs relative to those ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - November 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Mihai Hajdu, Jasmine Calle, Andrea Puno, Aminat Haruna, C ésar Arenas‐Mena Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Temporal dissociation of developmental events in the chick eye under low temperature conditions
The chick embryonic eye is an excellent model for the study of vertebrate organogenesis. Key events in eye development involve thickening, invagination and cytodifferentiation of the lens primordium. While these events occur successively at different developmental stages, the extent to which these events are temporally related is largely unknown. Here we show that the lens invagination is highly sensitive to temperature. Lowering of incubation temperature to 29°C at embryonic day 2 delayed the onset of invagination of the lens, but not thickening and cytodifferentiation, leading to abnormal protrusion of the eye. The temp...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Hideaki Iida, Tiantian Yang, Sadao Yasugi, Yasuo Ishii Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Nitric oxide synthase during early embryonic development in silkworm Bombyx mori: Gene expression, enzyme activity, and tissue distribution
To elucidate the mechanism for embryonic diapause or the breakdown of diapause in Bombyx mori, we biochemically analyzed nitric oxide synthase (NOS) during the embryogenesis of B. mori. The gene expression and enzyme activity of B. mori NOS (BmNOS) were examined in diapause, non‐diapause, and HCl‐treated diapause eggs. In the case of HCl‐treated diapause eggs, the gene expression and enzyme activity of BmNOS were induced by HCl treatment. However, in the case of diapause and non‐diapause eggs during embryogenesis, changes in the BmNOS activity and gene expressions did not coincide except 48–60 h after oviposit...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Ryo Kitta, Marina Kuwamoto, Yumi Yamahama, Keisuke Mase, Hiroshi Sawada Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

CDC25B is involved in the centrosomal microtubule nucleation in two ‐cell stage mouse embryos
CDC25B has been demonstrated to activate the complex of CDK1/Cyclin B and trigger mitosis. We have recently demonstrated that p‐CDC25B‐Ser351 is located at the centrosomes of mouse oocytes and contributes to the release of mouse oocytes from prophase I arrest. But much less is known about CDC25B function at the centrosome in two‐cell stage mouse embryos. Here we investigate the effect of CDC25B regulating the microtubules nucleation. Microinjection of anti‐CDC25B antibody caused aberrant microtubule nucleation. In addition, embryos injected with anti‐CDC25B antibody showed the marked absence of microtubule repoly...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Cheng Cui, Tianxia Zang, Yu Cao, Xin Qin, Xuewei Zhang Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Human gingival fibroblasts induced and differentiated into vascular endothelial ‐like cells
In conclusion, we found that HGFs possessed capacity for being induced and differentiated into vessel endothelial‐like cells with typical and specific morphological, ultrastructural, and immunological characters of endothelial‐like cells by induction with VEGF. Human gingival fibroblast was found with the characteristic of stem cell, and it was able to induce differentiation into vascular endothelial cell. The optimal condition of induced differentiation was also determined: the differentiation could be induced in serum‐free Dulbecco's modified eagle medium for 35 days with the VEGF165 treatment concentration of 8...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Xuqian Liu, Jie Wang, Fusheng Dong, Hexiang Li, Yali Hou Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Acute phase response in amputated tail stumps and neural tissue ‐preferential expression in tail bud embryos of the Xenopus neuronal pentraxin I gene
Regeneration of lost organs involves complex processes, including host defense from infection and rebuilding of lost tissues. We previously reported that Xenopus neuronal pentraxin I (xNP1) is expressed preferentially in regenerating Xenopus laevis tadpole tails. To evaluate xNP1 function in tail regeneration, and also in tail development, we analyzed xNP1 expression in tailbud embryos and regenerating/healing tails following tail amputation in the ‘regeneration’ period, as well as in the ‘refractory’ period, when tadpoles lose their tail regenerative ability. Within 10 h after tail amputation, xNP1 was induced at...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Yuko Hatta ‐Kobayashi, Mie Toyama‐Shirai, Takehiro Yamanaka, Mayuko Takamori, Yoko Wakabayashi, Yuko Naora, Takekazu Kunieda, Taro Fukazawa, Takeo Kubo Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Generation of a transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) strain for visualization of nuclear dynamics in early developmental stages
In conclusion, the aNLS possesses a strong nuclear localization activity and is a useful probe for fluorescent observation of the pronuclei and nuclei in early developmental stage of medaka. This is the first study to label pronuclei in the living fish embryo. We used artificially designated nuclear localization signal (aNLS) fused with GFP protein as a reporter. This aNLS brings the reporter protein into pronuclear before the fusion of male and female pronuclears in living embryo. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Takanobu Inoue, Atsuo Iida, Shingo Maegawa, Atsuko Sehara ‐Fujisawa, Masato Kinoshita Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Distribution of germline‐mitochondria at the early stage in Xenopus transgenic line with EGFP‐labeled mitochondria. The germline‐mitochondria aggregated to form a large mass along the cleavage furrow in control embryos (left). However, the germline‐mitochondria did not aggregate in embryos injected with the truncated form of mitochondrial traffi cking protein Rhot1 (right). (See Tada et al. pp. 641–650). Article link here (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 30, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Pharmacological prevention of craniofacial anomalies in Tcof1+/− mouse embryos. Tcof1+/− embryos were treated with antioxidant in utero from E5.5 to E17.5, and then collected at E19.0. Left column: wild type embryo, middle column: mutant embryo without antioxidant treatment, right column: mutant embryo treated with antioxidant. (See Sakai and Trainor pp. 577–585). Article link here (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 14, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Paraptosis ‐like cell death in Wistar rat granulosa cells
This study found swollen endoplasmic reticulum in the granulosa cells of adult Wistar rats. Calnexin was used as a marker of the endoplasmic reticulum at the ultrastructural and optical levels. The cells with swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum were negative to the TUNEL assay and active caspase‐3 immunodetection, indicating that this swelling is not part of any apoptotic or autophagic process. Additionally, immunodetection of the CHOP protein was used as a marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and this confirmed the presence of the paraptosis process. These data suggest that paraptosis‐like cell death is associate...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - August 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Nayeli Torres ‐Ramírez, María L. Escobar, Gerardo H. Vázquez‐Nin, Rosario Ortiz, Olga M. Echeverría Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Optimizing neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent NT2 stem cells in monolayer cultures
Human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (NT2) cells are increasingly considered as a suitable model for in vitro developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity (DT/DNT) studies as they undergo neuronal differentiation upon stimulation with retinoic acid (RA) and allow toxicity testing at different stages of maturation. However, differentiation of NT2 cells is not straightforward. There are different protocols available in the literature reporting varying results with regard to differentiation efficiency, expression of neuronal markers and morphological characteristics of differentiated cells. Yet, the efficiency of available prot...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - August 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Sepideh Abolpour Mofrad, Katharina Kuenzel, Oliver Friedrich, Daniel F. Gilbert Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Human pancreatic islets develop through fusion of distinct β and α/δ islets
Human pancreatic islets show unique architecture in which α and δ cells are mostly at the peripheral and perivascular areas. It has remained unknown how such prototype is realized in every islet. Here, I report that fetal islets develop first in two distinct types consisting of β or α/δ cells, respectively. The α/δ islets are variable in shape, composed of α and δ cells evenly intermixed. They are vascularized better but encapsulated poorer than β islets in general. During the development, the β and α/δ islets adjoin and fuse with each other in such a way that α and δ cells form a crescent on β cells and, t...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - August 16, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Inchul Lee Tags: Original Article Source Type: research