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Systematic analyses of murine masculinization processes based on genital sex differentiation parameters
In this study, we propose genital sex differentiation parameters (GSDP), a set of developmental parameters based on systematic three‐dimensional tissue reconstruction and cumulative histological analyses. We define the sexual differences of external genitalia and perineum by GSDP through analyzing mouse models, androgen inhibitor‐induced feminization experiments and Mafb mutant mouse with defective urethral differentiation. The urethral parameters displayed prominent reduction by the androgen inhibitor (finasteride) treatment. However, genital tubercle (GT) size parameters were not affected by such treatment. These res...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - October 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Hiroko Suzuki, Kentaro Suzuki, Gen Yamada Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Selection for divergent body size alters rates of embryonic skeletal muscle formation and muscle gene expression patterns
The objective of this experiment was to document skeletal muscle development during embryogenesis in two lines of chickens that display divergent growth as adults. Results reveal that after 54 generations of opposing selection from a common founder population, the embryos from the low weight select (LWS) line develop more rapidly during early embryogenesis than those from the high weight select (HWS) line. Muscle formation during the late embryonic period is more rapid and extensive in the HWS embryo than in the LWS contemporary. Isolated muscle progenitors from embryonic day 10 HWS embryos proliferated more rapidly, formi...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - October 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Yue Lu, Jennifer S. Bradley, Paul B. Siegel, Ning Yang, Sally E. Johnson Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Timing by rhythms: Daily clocks and developmental rulers
Biological rhythms are widespread, allowing organisms to temporally organize their behavior and metabolism in advantageous ways. Such proper timing of molecular and cellular events is critical to their development and health. This is best understood in the case of the circadian clock that orchestrates the daily sleep/wake cycle of organisms. Temporal rhythms can also be used for spatial organization, if information from an oscillating system can be recorded within the tissue in a manner that leaves a permanent periodic pattern. One example of this is the “segmentation clock” used by the vertebrate embryo to rhythmicall...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - October 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Alexis B. Webb, Andrew C. Oates Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Application of local gene induction by infrared laser‐mediated microscope and temperature stimulator to amphibian regeneration study
In this study, local heat shock was made with infrared laser irradiation (IR‐LEGO) by using a gene expression inducible system in transgenic animals containing a heat shock promoter, and gene expression was successfully induced only in the target region of two amphibian species, Xenopus laevis and Pleurodeles waltl (a newt), at postembryonic stages. Furthermore, we induced spatially restricted but wider gene expression in Xenopus laevis tadpoles and froglets by applying local heat shock by a temperature‐controlled metal probe (temperature stimulator). The local gene manipulation systems, the IR‐LEGO and the temperatu...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - October 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Aiko Kawasumi‐Kita, Toshinori Hayashi, Takuya Kobayashi, Chikashi Nagayama, Shinichi Hayashi, Yasuhiro Kamei, Yoshihiro Morishita, Takashi Takeuchi, Koji Tamura, Hitoshi Yokoyama Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 4, 2015 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Cover Photograph: Immunodetection of β integrin‐LP‐positive cells (green) in stomach and muscle (red) and ciliary systems (magenta) in mussel larva Mytilus trossulus (See Dyachuk et al., pp. 515–528).
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 4, 2015 Category: Research Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

Identification and functional characterization of novel transcriptional enhancers involved in regulating human GLI3 expression during early development
In this study we report novel enhancers regulating human GLI3 expression in the developing limb and neural tube. We employ transgenic zebrafish and human cell culture based assy. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Saneela Anwar, Rashid Minhas, Shahid Ali, Nicholas Lambert, Yasuhiko Kawakami, Greg Elgar, Syed Sikandar Azam, Amir Ali Abbasi Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 inhibits osteogenic differentiation by modulating LIMK1 in C2C12 cells
This study mainly aims to explore the biological functions and the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRABP2 in osteogenesis. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays, we found that the expression of CRABP2 at both mRNA and protein levels were downregulated during osteogenesis. Furthermore, CRABP2 knockdown displayed significant changes in the cell phenotype and the actin filaments (F‐actin) polymerization in C2C12 cells treated with BMP2. Moreover, the western blotting of osteogenic differentiation biomarkers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin red staining showed that CRABP2 dr...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Rui Wang, Qingyuan Yang, Weifan Xiao, Ruirui Si, Fenyong Sun, Qiuhui Pan Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Development of the pancreas in medaka, Oryzias latipes, from embryo to adult
This article is the endocrine component of principal and secondary islets. Insulin‐producing cells and Somatostatin‐producing cells are located in the central of islets and glucagon‐producing cells are in the periphery. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Takayoshi Otsuka, Tatsuya Tsukahara, Hiroyuki Takeda Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Tangential cell migration during layer formation of chick optic tectum
The laminated structure of the optic tectum is formed by radial and tangential cell migration during development. Studies of developing chick optic tectum have revealed two streams of tangential cell migration in the middle and superficial layers, which have distinctive origins, migratory paths, modes of migration, and destinations. We will review the process of the two types of tangential migrations, in order to elucidate their roles in the formation of the optic tectum layers. The laminated structure of the optic tectum is formed by radial and tangential cell migration during development. Studies of developing chick opt...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - September 1, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Yuji Watanabe, Hiroyuki Yaginuma Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

RAC1 regulate tumor necrosis factor‐α‐mediated impaired osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells
In this study we analyze the function of TNF‐α (100 ng/mL) on osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs for the first time and identify the underlying molecule mechanisms. Our data revealed that TNF‐α with higher concentration significantly reduced mineralization and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Further, we revealed that TNF‐α could suppress the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs via increasing the expression of RAC1, which could activate the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway and liberate β‐catenin to tran...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 29, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Guijuan Feng, Qijie Shen, Min Lian, Zhifeng Gu, Jing Xing, Xiaohui Lu, Dan Huang, Liren Li, Shen Huang, Yi Wang, Jinlong Zhang, Jiahai Shi, Dongmei Zhang, Xingmei Feng Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Regulation of growth rate and developmental timing by Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor α
Thyroid hormone (TH) is critical for vertebrate postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals when plasma TH levels are high. Interestingly, TH receptors (TRs), especially TRα, are expressed prior to the synthesis and secretion of zygotic TH, suggesting the existence of unliganded TR during development. However, the role of unliganded TR during mammalian development has been difficult to study, in part due to the relatively weak phenotype of TR knockout mice. Amphibian metamorphosis resembles postembryonic development in mammals and is controlled by TH via TRs. Like in mammals, TRα gene is highly activated ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 28, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Luan Wen, Yun‐Bo Shi Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 20, 2015 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Cover Photograph: Tool use‐associated gene expressions and hypothetical scenario of cortical expansion in primate brain evolution (See Matsunaga et al., pp. 484–495).
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 20, 2015 Category: Research Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

Nepro is localized in the nucleolus and essential for preimplantation development in mice
We generated knockout (KO) mice of Nepro, which has been shown to be necessary to maintain neural progenitor cells downstream of Notch in the mouse developing neocortex by using knockdown experiments, to explore its function in embryogenesis. Nepro KO embryos were morphologically indistinguishable from wild type (WT) embryos until the morula stage but failed in blastocyst formation, and many cells of the KO embryos resulted in apoptosis. We found that Nepro was localized in the nucleolus at the blastocyst stage. The number of nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs) and nucleoli per nucleus was significantly higher in Nepro KO em...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 14, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Masakazu Hashimoto, Tatsuya Sato, Yuko Muroyama, Lisa Fujimura, Masahiko Hatano, Tetsuichiro Saito Tags: Original Article Source Type: research