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Six1 is required for mouse dental follicle cell and human periodontal ligament ‐derived cell proliferation
In this study, we analyzed SIX1 expression in mouse periodontal tissue cells during postnatal development and adulthood. We also addressed the role of SIX1 in mouse periodontium development and in human cultured PDL‐derived cells (PDLCs). In mouse development, SIX1 production was abundant in DFCs and PDL cells by 2 weeks, but it was greatly diminished in the PDL at 4 weeks and in adults. Although the SIX1‐positive cell distribution was sparse in the adult PDL, SIX1‐positive cells were observed with low expression levels. We used 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) for cell labeling to reveal numerous EdU/SIX1...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - May 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Tatsuki Kawasaki, Masanori Takahashi, Hiroshi Yajima, Yoshiyuki Mori, Kiyoshi Kawakami Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Co‐localization of zNanog (green) and zNanos (red) in the PGC nuclei of an early zebrafish embryo. Depletion of zNanog resulted in the increase and aberrant localization of PGCs in the zebrafish Embryos. See Wang et al (pp. 355–366). Article link here (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - May 25, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

In vivo recombination efficiency of two site ‐specific recombination systems, VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP, in medaka (Oryzias latipes)
The present study delineates the in vivo efficiency of two site‐specific recombination systems, VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP, in medaka (Oryzias latipes). VCre, SCre, and Cre RNA was microinjected into fertilized medaka eggs belonging to three transgenic lines harboring VloxP, SloxP, and loxP cassette. VCre induced site‐specific recombination specifically at VloxP sequence and SCre at SloxP sequence without any cross‐reactivity. These findings provide two novel alternative recombination systems in vivo in addition to the existing Cre/loxP and Flp/FRT systems, thus enabling sophisticated gene expression in model organi...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - May 24, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Kenta Kishimoto, Manabu Nakayama, Masato Kinoshita Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

In vivo recombination efficiency of two site‐specific recombination systems, VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP, in medaka (Oryzias latipes)
The present study delineates the in vivo efficiency of two site‐specific recombination systems, VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP, in medaka (Oryzias latipes). VCre, SCre, and Cre RNA was microinjected into fertilized medaka eggs belonging to three transgenic lines harboring VloxP, SloxP, and loxP cassette. VCre induced site‐specific recombination specifically at VloxP sequence and SCre at SloxP sequence without any cross‐reactivity. These findings provide two novel alternative recombination systems in vivo in addition to the existing Cre/loxP and Flp/FRT systems, thus enabling sophisticated gene expression in model organi...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - May 24, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Kenta Kishimoto, Manabu Nakayama, Masato Kinoshita Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

PlexinA2 and Sema6A are required for retinal progenitor cell migration
In this study, we analyzed the role of the Semaphorin6A and its receptor PlexinA2 in early mice retinogenesis. Using time lapse videomicroscopy, we found that Sema6A/PlexinA2 are implicated in the interkinetic migration of retinal progenitor cells. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Morgane Belle, Aijaz Parray, Martin Belle, Alain Chédotal, Kim Tuyen Nguyen‐Ba‐Charvet Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Axial level‐dependent molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the genesis of the embryonic neural plate
The transcription factor gene Sox2, centrally involved in neural primordial regulation, is activated by many enhancers. During the early stages of embryonic development, Sox2 is regulated by the enhancers N2 and N1 in the anterior neural plate (ANP) and posterior neural plate (PNP), respectively. This differential use of the enhancers reflects distinct regulatory mechanisms underlying the genesis of ANP and PNP. The ANP develops directly from the epiblast, triggered by nodal signal inhibition, and via the combined action of TFs SOX2, OTX2, POU3F1, and ZIC2, which promotes the the ANP development and inhibits other cell lin...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Hisato Kondoh, Shinji Takada, Tatsuya Takemoto Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Analysis of extraembryonic mesodermal structure formation in the absence of morphological primitive streak
During mouse gastrulation, the primitive streak is formed on the posterior side of the embryo. Cells migrate out of the primitive streak to form the future mesoderm and endoderm. Fate mapping studies revealed a group of cell migrate through the proximal end of the primitive streak and give rise to the extraembryonic mesoderm tissues such as the yolk sac blood islands and allantois. However, it is not clear whether the formation of a morphological primitive streak is required for the development of these extraembryonic mesodermal tissues. Loss of the Cripto gene in mice dramatically reduces, but does not completely abolish,...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Jiu‐Zhen Jin, Yuanqi Zhu, Dennis Warner, Jixiang Ding Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Brain mesenchymal stem cells: physiology and pathological implications
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as progenitor cells that give rise to a number of unique, differentiated mesenchymal cell types. This concept has progressively evolved towards an all‐encompassing concept including multipotent perivascular cells of almost any tissue. In central nervous system, pericytes are involved in blood–brain barrier, and angiogenesis and vascular tone regulation. They form the neurovascular unit (NVU) together with endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. This functional structure provides an optimal microenvironment for neural proliferation in the adult brain. Neurovascular niche incl...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Ana Pombero, Raquel Garcia‐Lopez, Salvador Martinez Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Six1 is required for mouse dental follicle cell and human periodontal ligament‐derived cell proliferation
In this study, we analyzed SIX1 expression in mouse periodontal tissue cells during postnatal development and adulthood. We also addressed the role of SIX1 in mouse periodontium development and in human cultured PDL‐derived cells (PDLCs). In mouse development, SIX1 production was abundant in DFCs and PDL cells by 2 weeks, but it was greatly diminished in the PDL at 4 weeks and in adults. Although the SIX1‐positive cell distribution was sparse in the adult PDL, SIX1‐positive cells were observed with low expression levels. We used 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) for cell labeling to reveal numerous EdU/SIX1...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Tatsuki Kawasaki, Masanori Takahashi, Hiroshi Yajima, Yoshiyuki Mori, Kiyoshi Kawakami Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Knockdown of zebrafish Nanog increases primordial germ cells during early embryonic development
In this study, we identified the homologue of the mammalian Nanog gene in zebrafish (zNanog). The expression of both zNanog mRNA and protein was demonstrated in the spermatogonia (male germ stem cells) of the testis and the early oocytes of the ovary. During the embryonic development, zNanog mRNA is expressed in the cytoplasm of PGCs, and its protein is localized to the PGC nuclei. We also found that zNanog depletion using morpholinos resulted in the increases and aberrant localization of PGCs in the zebrafish embryos from the sphere stage to the 50% epiboly stage. These data indicated that zNanog inhibits the PGCs prolife...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Huannan Wang, Yanhua Liu, Ding Ye, Jianzhen Li, Jiangdong Liu, Fengjiao Deng Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Knockdown of zebrafish Nanog increases proliferation of primordial germ cells during early embryonic development
In this study, we identified the homologue of the mammalian Nanog gene in zebrafish (zNanog). The expression of both zNanog mRNA and protein was demonstrated in the spermatogonia (male germ stem cells) of the testis and the early oocytes of the ovary. During the embryonic development, zNanog mRNA is expressed in the cytoplasm of PGCs, and its protein is localized to the PGC nuclei. We also found that zNanog depletion using morpholinos resulted in the increases and aberrant localization of PGCs in the zebrafish embryos from the sphere stage to the 50% epiboly stage. These data indicated that zNanog inhibits the PGCs prolife...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Huannan Wang, Yanhua Liu, Ding Ye, Jianzhen Li, Jiangdong Liu, Fengjiao Deng Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Stomagenesis versus myogenesis: Parallels in intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of transcription factor mediated specialized cell‐type differentiation in plants and animals
Although the last common unicellular ancestor of plants and animals diverged several billion years ago, and while having developed unique developmental programs that facilitate differentiation and proliferation specific to plant and animal systems, there still exists a high degree of conservation in the logic regulating these developmental processes within these two seemingly diverse kingdoms. Stomatal differentiation in plants involves a series of orchestrated cell division events mediated by a family of closely related bHLH transcription factors (TFs) to create a pair of mature guard cells. These TFs are in turn regulate...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Aarthi Putarjunan, Keiko U. Torii Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Regulation of ecmF gene expression and genetic hierarchy among STATa, CudA, and MybC on several prestalk A‐specific gene expressions in Dictyostelium
STATa, a Dictyostelium homologue of metazoan signal transducer and activator of transcription, is important for the organizer function in the tip region of the migrating Dictyostelium slug. We previously showed that ecmF gene expression depends on STATa in prestalk A (pstA) cells, where STATa is activated. Deletion and site‐directed mutagenesis analysis of the ecmF/lacZ fusion gene in wild‐type and STATa null strains identified an imperfect inverted repeat sequence, ACAAATANTATTTGT, as a STATa‐responsive element. An upstream sequence element was required for efficient expression in the rear region of pstA zone; an el...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Yukika Saga, Tomoka Inamura, Nao Shimada, Takefumi Kawata Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Roles of hesC and gcm in echinoid larval mesenchyme cell development
To understand the roles of hesC and gcm during larval mesenchyme specification and differentiation in echinoids, we performed perturbation experiments for these genes in two distantly related euechinoids, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Scaphechinus mirabilis. The number of larval mesenchyme cells increased when the translation of hesC was inhibited, thereby suggesting that hesC has a general role in larval mesenchyme development. We confirmed previous results by demonstrating that gcm is involved in pigment cell differentiation. Simultaneous inhibition of the translation of hesC and gcm induced a significant increase in th...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - April 3, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Atsuko Yamazaki, Takuya Minokawa Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Low Six4 and Six5 gene dosage improves dystrophic phenotype and prolongs life span of mdx mice
Muscle regeneration is an important process for skeletal muscle growth and recovery. Repair of muscle damage is exquisitely programmed by cellular mechanisms inherent in myogenic stem cells, also known as muscle satellite cells. We demonstrated previously the involvement of homeobox transcription factors, SIX1, SIX4 and SIX5, in the coordinated proliferation and differentiation of isolated satellite cells in vitro. However, their roles in adult muscle regeneration in vivo remain elusive. To investigate SIX4 and SIX5 functions during muscle regeneration, we introduced knockout alleles of Six4 and Six5 into an animal model...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - March 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Hiroshi Yajima, Kiyoshi Kawakami Tags: Original Article Source Type: research