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A sea urchin in  vivo model to evaluate Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionarily conserved cellular program, which is a prerequisite for the metastatic cascade in carcinoma progression. Here, we evaluate the EMT process using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryo. In sea urchin embryos, the earliest EMT event is related to the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype by the spiculogenetic primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) and their migration into the blastocoel. We investigated the effect of inhibiting the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway on this process, and we observed that mesenchyme cell differentiation was blocked. In ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - February 1, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Daniele P. Romancino, Letizia Anello, Antonella Lavanco, Valentina Buffa, Maria Di Bernardo, Antonella Bongiovanni Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Identification of morphogenetic capability limitations via a single starfish embryo/larva reconstruction method
Reconstruction of a starfish embryo provides unique morphogenesis during the developmental process that is not observed in normal development. Here, we established a novel method for reconstruction from single embryos/larvae. By using this method, we investigated the morphogenetic capabilities in critical steps during the reconstruction process as showed by the reconstructed embryos generated from embryos/larvae at the six developmental stages, or from segregated ectodermal and/or endomesodermal cells. Additionally, the novel method addressed several problems found in prior methods related to reproducibly generating recons...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - February 1, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Narudo Kawai, Ikuko Omori, Ritsu Kuraishi, Hiroyuki Kaneko Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

From neuron to behavior: Sensory ‐motor coordination of zebrafish turning behavior
Recent development of optogenetics brought non‐invasive neural activation in living organisms. Transparent zebrafish larva is one of the suitable animal models for this technique, which enables us to investigate neural circuits for behaviors based on a whole individual nervous system. In this article we review our recent finding that suggests sensory‐motor coordination in larval zebrafish escape behavior. When water vibration stimulates mechanosensory Rohon‐Beard (RB) neurons, intra‐spinal reflex circuit launches contralateral trunk muscle contraction that makes rapid body curvature for turning. In addition, positi...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 31, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Keiko Umeda, Wataru Shoji Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Onset of ectopic meiosis in Max expression‐ablated ESCs. ESCs have a potential for meiotic onset and Max functions as a strong negative regulator against ectopic and precocious meiotic onset in ESCs and germ cells, respectively. A panel shows Max‐null ESCs with synaptonemal complex‐like structure visualized with an antibody against SYCP3 (See Suzuki et al. pp. 61–69). (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 31, 2017 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Size in development
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 24, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Shigeo Hayashi, Mitsuru Morimoto, Hidehiko Inomata, Stefano Piccolo Tags: Preface Source Type: research

YAP is essential for 3D organogenesis withstanding gravity
Cells of our body are constantly exposed to physical forces such as tissue tension. In recent years, it has been shown that such mechanical signals greatly influence a number of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Conversely, cells maintain the mechanical properties of tissues by remodeling their own extracellular environment. To date, however, it is unclear about the molecular mechanisms to maintain the mechanical environment (“mechano‐homeostasis”) in which extracellular mechanical cues are integrated with cell proliferation and differentiation to ensure tissue, organ and bo...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 15, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Yoichi Asaoka, Hiroshi Nishina, Makoto Furutani ‐Seiki Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Gene expression boundary scaling and organ size regulation in the Drosophila embryo
We describe how the Drosophila embryo can potentially provide novel insights into how shape and size are regulated during development. We focus on gene expression boundary scaling in the early embryo and how size is regulated in three organs (hindgut, trachea, and ventral nerve cord) later in development, with particular focus on the role of tissue–tissue interactions. Overall, we demonstrate that Drosophila embryogenesis provides a suitable model system for studying spatial and temporal scaling and size control in vivo. We focus on gene expression boundary scaling in the early embryo and how size is regulated in three...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 15, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Christopher Amourda, Timothy E. Saunders Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Establishment and growth responses of Nile tilapia embryonic stem ‐like cell lines under feeder‐free condition
This study will promote ES‐based biotechnology in commercial fish. Nile tilapia ES‐like cell line (TES1) has been successfully developed under feeder‐free culture condition, which retains stable growth for over 200 days with more than 59 passages. TES1 cells have pluripotency and differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Zhenhua Fan, Linyan Liu, Xiaohuan Huang, Yang Zhao, Linyan Zhou, Deshou Wang, Jing Wei Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Does MAX open up a new avenue for meiotic research?
We present a hypothetical model of a MAX‐centered molecular network that regulates meiotic entry in mammals and propose that inducible Max knockout ESCs provide an excellent platform for exploring the molecular mechanisms of meiosis initiation, while excluding other aspects of gametogenesis. Schematic representation of Max‐centered model of mutual exclusiveness between mitosis and meiosis in mammals. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Ayumu Suzuki, Masataka Hirasaki, Akihiko Okuda Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Insulin ‐like growth factor‐1 promotes osteogenic differentiation and collagen I alpha 2 synthesis via induction of mRNA‐binding protein LARP6 expression
This study explored the mechanism underlying the stimulation of collagen synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation by insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in primary mouse osteoblasts. Primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts were cultured and treated with various doses of IGF1 before transfection with siRNA targeting the collagen type I alpha 2 (Col1a2) or La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6 (Larp6) genes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin staining, alizarin red quantification and the expression level of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were performed to assess the differentiation of pre...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Yue Guo, Chen ‐Yi Tang, Xiao‐Fei Man, Hao‐Neng Tang, Jun Tang, Ci‐La Zhou, Shu‐Wen Tan, Min Wang, Yun‐Zhi Feng, Hou‐De Zhou Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Regulation of adipose ‐tissue‐derived stromal cell orientation and motility in 2D‐ and 3D‐cultures by direct‐current electrical field
Cell alignment and motility play a critical role in a variety of cell behaviors, including cytoskeleton reorganization, membrane‐protein relocation, nuclear gene expression, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Direct current electric field (EF) in vitro can direct many types of cells to align vertically to EF vector. In this work, we investigated the effects of EF stimulation on rat adipose‐tissue‐derived stromal cells (ADSCs) in 2D‐culture on plastic culture dishes and in 3D‐culture on various scaffold materials, including collagen hydrogels, chitosan hydrogels and poly(L‐lactic acid)/gelatin electrospinning...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Gang Yang, Haiyan Long, Xiaomei Ren, Kunlong Ma, Zhenghua Xiao, Ying Wang, Yingqiang Guo Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Top left: Cell position‐dependent differential distribution of Yap (green) and Amot (red) proteins in preimplantation mouse embryos at the early blastocyst stage, nuclei (blue) (See Sasaki pp. 12–20). Top right: Proposed model for mammalian cell size control by Largen (See Yamamoto & Mak pp. 33–40). Middle: Tracheal system of the stage 15 Drosophila embryo, tracheal‐cell nuclei (green) and apical extracellular matrix of the tracheal lumen (Magenta) (See Hayashi & Dong pp. 4–11). Bottom left: Size‐dependent Chordin degradation ensure the scaling of dorsal‐ventral axis formation (See I...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 31, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Mechanistic aspects of mammalian cell size control
Size distribution in a group of differentiated cells often falls into a constant range. However, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that cells can temporarily change their size in response to their surrounding environment and the stimuli they receive. Thus, there must be a mechanism that normally keeps cell size constant while allowing a shift to an alternative size when necessary. To investigate the molecular basis of mammalian cell size control, we conducted a genetic screen in a human T cell line to identify genes involved in cell size regulation. A prime candidate emerging from this screen increases cell size wh...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 29, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Kazuo Yamamoto, Tak W. Mak Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Corrigendum
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 22, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Corrigendum Source Type: research

Scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients
The concentration gradient of morphogens provides positional information for an embryo and plays a pivotal role in pattern formation of tissues during the developmental processes. Morphogen‐dependent pattern formations show robustness despite various perturbations. Although tissues usually grow and dynamically change their size during histogenesis, proper patterns are formed without the influence of size variations. Furthermore, even when the blastula embryo of Xenopus laevis is bisected into dorsal and ventral halves, the dorsal half of the embryo leads to proportionally patterned half‐sized embryos. This robustness o...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - November 30, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Hidehiko Inomata Tags: Review Article Source Type: research