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Roles of ERα during mouse trophectoderm lineage differentiation: revealed by antagonist and agonist of ERα
During mouse early embryogenesis, blastomeres increase in number by the morula stage. Among them, the outer cells are polarized and differentiated into trophectoderm (TE), while the inner cells remain unpolarized and give rise to inner cell mass (ICM). TE provides an important liquid environment for ICM development. In spite of extensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying TE formation are still obscure. In order to investigate the roles of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in this course, mouse 8‐cell embryos were collected and cultured in media containing ERα specific antagonist MPP and/or agonist PPT. The results...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Xiaoxiang Cheng, Songhua Xu, Chanchan Song, Lin He, Xiuli Lian, Yue Liu, Jianen Wei, Lili Pang, Shie Wang Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Generation of bioengineered feather buds on a reconstructed chick skin from dissociated epithelial and mesenchymal cells
In this study, we have developed a bioengineering method to reconstruct an embryonic dorsal skin after completely dissociating single epithelial and mesenchymal cells from chick skin. Multiple feather buds can form on the reconstructed skin in a single row in vitro. The bioengineered feather buds develop into long feather buds by transplantation onto a chorioallantoic membrane. The bioengineered bud sizes were similar to those of native embryo. The number of bioengineered buds was increased linearly with the initial contact length of epithelial and mesenchymal cell layers where the epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions oc...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Kentaro Ishida, Toshiyuki Mitsui Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Inhibition of phosphorylated Ser473‐Akt from translocating into the nucleus contributes to 2‐cell arrest and defective zygotic genome activation in mouse preimplantation embryogenesis
In this study, we confirmed its localization in the pronuclei of 1‐cell embryos and found that p‐Ser473‐Akt acquired prominent nucleus localization in 2‐cell embryos physiologically. Akt specific inhibitors API‐2 and MK2206 could inhibit the development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro, and induce 2‐cell arrest at certain concentrations. 2‐cell embryos exposed to 2.0 μmol/L API‐2 or 30 μmol/L MK2206 displayed attenuated immunofluorescence intensity of p‐Ser473‐Akt in the nucleus. Simultaneously, qRT‐PCR results revealed that 2.0 μmol/L API‐2 treatment significantly downregulated the ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 31, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Junming Chen, Xiuli Lian, Juan Du, Songhua Xu, Jianen Wei, Lili Pang, Chanchan Song, Lin He, Shie Wang Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Time in Development
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 28, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Carina Hanashima, Takashi Nishimura, Harukazu Nakamura, Claudio D. Stern Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Issue Information
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 28, 2016 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Timing mechanisms in neuronal pathfinding, synaptic reorganization, and neuronal regeneration
Precise temporal control of neuro differentiation and post‐differentiation events are necessary for the creation of appropriate wiring diagram in the brain. To make advances in the treatment of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and traumatic brain injury, it is important to understand these mechanisms. Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a revolutionary tool for the study of neural circuits due to its genetic homology to vertebrates and ease of genetic manipulation. microRNA (miRNA), a ubiquitous class of small non‐coding RNA, that inhibits the expression of target genes, has emerged as an important...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 9, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia, Kana Hamada, Chieh Chang Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Encoding and decoding time in neural development
The development of a multicellular organism involves time‐dependent changes in molecular and cellular states; therefore ‘time’ is an indispensable mathematical parameter of ontogenesis. Regardless of their inextricable relationship, there is a limited number of events for which the output of developmental phenomena primarily uses temporal cues that are generated through multilevel interactions between molecules, cells, and tissues. In this review, we focus on neural stem cells, which serve as a faithful decoder of temporal cues to transmit biological information and generate specific output in the developing nervous ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 9, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Kenichi Toma, Tien‐Cheng Wang, Carina Hanashima Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Incorporating tree‐thinking and evolutionary time scale into developmental biology
Phylogenetic approaches are indispensable in any comparative molecular study involving multiple species. These approaches are in increasing demand as the amount and availability of DNA sequence information continues to increase exponentially, even for organisms that were previously not extensively studied. Without the sound application of phylogenetic concepts and knowledge, one can be misled when attempting to infer ancestral character states as well as the timing and order of evolutionary events, both of which are frequently exerted in evolutionary developmental biology. The ignorance of phylogenetic approaches can also ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 5, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Shigehiro Kuraku, Nathalie Feiner, Sean D. Keeley, Yuichiro Hara Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Comparison of fetal cartilage‐derived progenitor cells isolated at different developmental stages in a rat model
Fetal cartilage‐derived progenitor cells (FCPCs) could be a useful cell source in cell‐based therapies for cartilage disorders. However, their characteristics can vary depending on the developmental stages. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of rat FCPCs from the hind limb on embryonic day 14 (E14), E16 and E20 regarding proliferation, pluripotency, and differentiation. Morphologically, rat fetal cartilage tissue showed an increase in cartilaginous differentiation features (Safranin‐O, type II collagen) and decrease in pluripotency marker (Sox2) in the order of E14, E16 and E20. E14 FCPCs showed...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 1, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Mijin Kim, Jiyoung Kim, So Ra Park, Do Young Park, Young Jick Kim, Byung Hyune Choi, Byoung‐Hyun Min Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Multi‐color FISH facilitates analysis of cell‐type diversification and developmental gene regulation in the Parasteatoda spider embryo
This study proposes that mFISH is a powerful tool for the cell‐level analysis of gene regulation and quantification in the spider model. We established a method for multi‐color fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) in the spider embryo. This mFISH technique allowed quadruple staining using four kinds of labels for RNA probes, and it was used for the analysis of overlapping gene expression in the cell level, the relative quantification of gene expression, and combined examination with embryonic RNA interference. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - January 1, 2016 Category: Research Authors: Yasuko Akiyama‐Oda, Hiroki Oda Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 28, 2015 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Cover Photograph: Immuno‐staining of 4/32‐cells. Dissociated 1/8‐cells were cultured until they reach 4/32‐cells. These formed small cell clusters resembling blastocyst. Cells surrounding the cyst expressed Cdx2 (red), but the expression of Nanog (green) did not show correlation with cellular position in the cyst.
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 28, 2015 Category: Research Tags: Cover page Source Type: research

Regulation of trunk neural crest delamination by δEF1 and Sip1 in the chicken embryo
The vertebrate Zfhx1 transcription factor family comprises δEF1 and Sip1, which bind to CACCT‐containing sequences and act as transcriptional repressors. It has been a longstanding question whether these transcription factors share the same regulatory functions in vivo. It has been shown that neural crest (NC) delamination depends on the Sip1 activity at the cranial level in mouse and chicken embryos, and it remained unclear how NC delamination is regulated at the trunk level. We observed that the expression of δEF1 and Sip1 overlaps in many tissues in chicken embryos, including NC cells at the trunk level. To clarify...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 22, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Takahiro Yasumi, Masashi Inoue, Mitsuji Maruhashi, Yusuke Kamachi, Yujiro Higashi, Hisato Kondoh, Masanori Uchikawa Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Chick embryos can form teratomas from microinjected mouse embryonic stem cells
We examined whether chick embryos are a suitable experimental model for the evaluation of pluripotency of stem cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) expressing the reporter gene, LacZ or GFP were injected into the subgerminal cavity of blastoderms (freshly oviposited) or the marginal vein of chick embryos (2 days of incubation). Injected mESCs were efficiently incorporated into the body and extra‐embryonic tissues of chick embryos and formed small clusters. Increased donor cell numbers injected were positively associated with the efficiency of chimera production, but with lower viability. A single mESC injected into...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 22, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Seiki Haraguchi, Yuko Matsubara, Misa Hosoe Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Speeding up the clock: The past, present and future of progeria
Progeria is a devastating disorder in which patients exhibit signs of premature aging. The most well‐known progeroid syndromes include Hutchinson‐Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) and Werner Syndrome (WS). While HGPS and WS are rare, they often result in severe age‐associated complications starting in the early developmental period or after the pubertal growth spurt during adolescence, respectively. In addition, patients with HGPS ultimately die of diseases normally seen in the elderly population, with stroke and myocardial infarction as the leading causes of death. Many WS patients develop similar cardiovascular comp...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - December 21, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Vijay Swahari, Ayumi Nakamura Tags: Review Article Source Type: research