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Early Segregation of the Adrenal Cortex and Gonad in Chicken Embryos
This study provides a new basis for understanding how the adrenal gland forms and how steroid hormone‐producing tissues arise during development. We found that early medial coelomic epithelium (CE) consists of a two‐cell layer‐thick band of epithelial‐like cells, the outer and inner CEs. Lineage tracing experiments suggested that the adrenocortex derives from the inner CE but not from the outer CE, from which the gonad derives. This is the first demonstration of early segregation of adrenocortex and gonad in the CE upon the opening of the coelomic cavity. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - August 1, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Daisuke Saito, Koji Tamura, Yoshiko Takahashi Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Live‐cell fl uorescence imaging to show X chromosome inactivation (XCI) at an E6.25 mouse embryo. Green and red show maternally and paternally derived X chromosome, respectively. Either the maternally or paternally derived X chromosomes begin to be silenced randomly in the epiblast. However, in the visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm, the paternal X chromosome is inactivated selectively by imprinted XCI, and only the maternal X chromosome (green) is active (See Kobayashi pp. 493–500). (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - August 1, 2017 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Preface: mathematics, physics, and engineering in biology
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 27, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Yasuhiro Inoue, Masakazu Akiyama Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Upper row Left: Drosophila embryonic epithelium illustrating dynamics of cell boundaries (left top), distribution of a force generator protein (myosin II) (right top), behavior of cell‐cell adhesion molecule (left‐bottom) and junctional tension (right‐bottom). (See Hara pp. 340–350); Middle: In‐silico mechanical assay of epithelial tube using 3D vertex model. The epithelial tube is pinched off as rearranging the multicellular configuration at the stress concentration point. (See Okuda et al. pp. 455–464); A biofilm of Bacillus subtilis. (See Tasaki et al. pp. 369–378). Middle row Left: One o...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 27, 2017 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Cellular force assay detects altered contractility caused by a nephritis ‐associated mutation in nonmuscle myosin IIA
Recent progress in understanding the essential roles of mechanical forces in regulating various cellular processes expands the field of biology to one where interdisciplinary approaches with engineering techniques become indispensable. Contractile forces or contractility—inherently present in proliferative cells due to the activity of ubiquitous nonmuscle myosin II (NMII)—are one of such mechano‐regulators, but because NMII works downstream of diverse signaling pathways, it is often difficult to predict how the inherent cellular forces change upon perturbations to particular molecules. Here, we determine whether the ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 17, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Shota P. Fukuda, Tsubasa S. Matsui, Takafumi Ichikawa, Taichi Furukawa, Noriyuki Kioka, Shuichiro Fukushima, Shinji Deguchi Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Prenatal exposure to dexamethasone in the mouse induces sex ‐specific differences in placental gene expression
Prenatal stress during pregnancy leads to sex‐specific effects on fetal development and disease susceptibility over the life span; however, the origin of sex differences has not been identified. The placenta not only plays a key role in fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy, but also affects the fetal programming underlying subsequent adult health and accounts. Therefore, sex‐specific adaptation of the placenta may be central to the sex differences in fetal growth and survival. Here, we analyzed the effects of prenatal dexamethasone (Dex) on sex‐specific changes in placental gene expression using RNA‐Se...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 14, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Ji ‐Yeon Lee, Hyo Jung Yun, Clara Yuri Kim, Yong Woo Cho, Yongmin Lee, Myoung Hee Kim Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Ebp1 regulates myogenic differentiation of myoblast cells via SMAD2/3 signaling pathway
This study focused on determining the effect of Ebp1 on myogenic proliferation and differentiation using a primary myoblasts culture model. Ebp1 was found to upregulate in proliferating myoblasts and decrease at the early stage of myogenic differentiation. The level of endogenous Ebp1 increased from E9 to E20 chicken leg muscles. Knockdown of Ebp1 had no effect on myoblasts proliferation. However, myogenic differentiation into multinucleated myotubes was significantly reduced. The mRNA and protein expression of MRFs was decreased when Ebp1 was knocked down. Downregulation of Ebp1, accompanied by elevated levels of pSMAD2/3...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 13, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Minli Yu, Huan Wang, Zhen Liu, Yinglin Lu, Debing Yu, Dongfeng Li, Wenxing Du Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Current reinforcement model reproduces center ‐in‐center vein trajectory of Physarum polycephalum
In this report, we confirm that the mathematical model reproduces the center‐in‐center trajectory of veins around corners observed in the maze‐solving experiment. The thick veins tend to trace the shortest possible route by turning at the corners of corridors following a center‐in‐center trajectory. This process of vein morphogenesis is based on the phenomenological rule of current reinforcement: a vein becomes thicker as protoplasmic streaming is stronger, and dies out otherwise. By means of this mathematical modeling, we confirmed the center‐in‐center trajectory of vein developed when turning at a corner a...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 13, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Dai Akita, Daniel Schenz, Shigeru Kuroda, Katsuhiko Sato, Kei ‐ichi Ueda, Toshiyuki Nakagaki Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Foxc2 influences alveolar epithelial cell differentiation during lung development
FOXC2, a forkhead transcriptional factor, is a candidate gene for congenital heart diseases and lymphedema‐distichiasis syndrome and yellow nail syndrome; however, there are no reports on Foxc2 and the development of the lung. We have identified lung abnormalities in Foxc2‐knockout embryos during investigation of cardiac development. The aim of this study was to clarify the morphological characteristics during lung development using ICR‐Foxc2 knockout lungs. Mutant fetuses at embryonic days 10.5–18.5 were obtained from mating of Foxc2+/− mice and then analyzed. Notably, Foxc2‐knockout lungs appeared parenchymat...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - July 4, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Mayoko Tsuji, Masae Morishima, Kazuhiko Shimizu, Shunichi Morikawa, Mikael Heglind, Sven Enerb äck, Taichi Ezaki, Jun Tamaoki Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Preface to Vertebrate Brains: evolution, structures and functions
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - June 23, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Koichi Kawakami, Yasunori Murakami Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Tokindo S. Okada
(Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - June 23, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Harukazu Nakamura Tags: Obituary Source Type: research

Issue Information
Cover Photograph: Phylogeny of vertebrates with schematic drawings of their brains. The background picture shows the nervous system in corn snake embryo (Elaphe guttata) visualized by anti‐acetylated tubulin antibody (shown in green). The outline of the embryo is shown by nuclei labeled by DAPI. T, telencephalon; O, optic tectum; C, cerebellum (See Kawakami and Murakami pp. 160–162). (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - June 23, 2017 Category: Research Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Determining the impact of cell mixing on signaling during development
Cell movement and intercellular signaling occur simultaneously to organize morphogenesis during embryonic development. Cell movement can cause relative positional changes between neighboring cells. When intercellular signals are local such cell mixing may affect signaling, changing the flow of information in developing tissues. Little is known about the effect of cell mixing on intercellular signaling in collective cellular behaviors and methods to quantify its impact are lacking. Here we discuss how to determine the impact of cell mixing on cell signaling drawing an example from vertebrate embryogenesis: the segmentation ...
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - June 19, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Koichiro Uriu, Luis G. Morelli Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Measurement of surface topography and stiffness distribution on cross ‐section of Xenopus laevis tailbud for estimation of mechanical environment in embryo
In this study, we have established the method can estimate stress inside an embryo, and showed that compressive stresses generated by notochord, neural tube, and abdominal tissue may explain the straightening and the elongation of the Xenopus laevis tailbud embryos. This is the first study to provide quantitative information on stress distribution in an embryo, and this method is useful for future study on mechanical environment in an embryo. (Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation)
Source: Development, Growth and Differentiation - June 19, 2017 Category: Research Authors: Fumiaki Murakami, Yoriko Ando, Asuka Miyagi, Shukei Sugita, Naoto Ueno, Takeo Matsumoto Tags: Original Article Source Type: research