Stabilized epoxygenated fatty acids regulate inflammation, pain, angiogenesis and cancer
Publication date: January 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 53 Author(s): Guodong Zhang , Sean Kodani , Bruce D. Hammock Epoxygenated fatty acids (EpFAs), which are lipid mediators produced by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases from polyunsaturated fatty acids, are important signaling molecules known to regulate various biological processes including inflammation, pain and angiogenesis. The EpFAs are further metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to form fatty acid diols which are usually less-active. Pharmacological inhibitors of sEH that stabilize endogenous EpFAs are being considered for human clin...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
TRP-channels as key integrators of lipid pathways in nociceptive neurons
Publication date: January 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 53 Author(s): Marco Sisignano , David L.H. Bennett , Gerd Geisslinger , Klaus Scholich TRP-channels are the most prominent family of ligand-gated ion channels for pain perception. In sensory neurons, TRPV1–V4, TRPA1 and TRPM8 are expressed and are responsible for the conversion of external stimuli to painful sensations. Under pathophysiological conditions, excessive activity of TRP-channels leads to mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Among the endogenous TRP-channel sensitizers, activators and inhibitors, more than 50 arachidonic...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Cell signaling mechanisms of oro-gustatory detection of dietary fat: Advances and challenges
Publication date: January 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 53 Author(s): Timothy A. Gilbertson , Naim A. Khan CD36 and two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), i.e., GPR120 and GPR40, have been implicated in the gustatory perception of dietary fats in rodents. These glycoproteins are coupled to increases in free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, [Ca2+]i, during their activation by dietary long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). The transient receptor potential type M5 (TRPM5) channel, activated by [Ca2+]i, participates in downstream signaling in taste bud cells (TBC). The mice, knocked-out for expression of CD36...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms
Publication date: January 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 53 Author(s): Atsushi Yamashita , Yasuhiro Hayashi , Yoko Nemoto-Sasaki , Makoto Ito , Saori Oka , Takashi Tanikawa , Keizo Waku , Takayuki Sugiura Over one hundred different phospholipid molecular species are known to be present in mammalian cells and tissues. Fatty acid remodeling systems for phospholipids including acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferases, CoA-dependent and CoA-independent transacylation systems, are involved in the biosynthesis of these molecular species. Acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase system is involved i...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: The influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration
Publication date: January 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 53 Author(s): Carola I.F. Janssen , Amanda J. Kiliaan Many clinical and animal studies demonstrate the importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in neural development and neurodegeneration. This review will focus on involvement of LCPUFA from genesis to senescence. The LCPUFA docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid are important components of neuronal membranes, while eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid also affect cardiovascular health and inflammation. In neural development, LCPUFA deficiency...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Recent insights into the molecular pathophysiology of lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes
Publication date: April 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 54 Author(s): Nishika Sahini , Jürgen Borlak Triacyglycerols are a major energy reserve of the body and are normally stored in adipose tissue as lipid droplets (LDs). The liver, however, stores energy as glycogen and digested triglycerides in the form of fatty acids. In stressed condition such as obesity, imbalanced nutrition and drug induced liver injury hepatocytes accumulate excess lipids in the form of LDs whose prolonged storage leads to disease conditions most notably non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fatty liver disease has become...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Evolution of galactoglycerolipid biosynthetic pathways – From cyanobacteria to primary plastids and from primary to secondary plastids
Publication date: April 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 54 Author(s): Dimitris Petroutsos , Souad Amiar , Heni Abida , Lina-Juana Dolch , Olivier Bastien , Fabrice Rébeillé , Juliette Jouhet , Denis Falconet , Maryse A. Block , Geoffrey I. McFadden , Chris Bowler , Cyrille Botté , Eric Maréchal Photosynthetic membranes have a unique lipid composition that has been remarkably well conserved from cyanobacteria to chloroplasts. These membranes are characterized by a very high content in galactoglycerolipids, i.e., mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively). Galactogl...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Ceramide: A simple sphingolipid with unique biophysical properties
Publication date: April 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 54 Author(s): Bruno M. Castro , Manuel Prieto , Liana C. Silva Ceramides are involved in a variety of cellular processes and in disease. Their biological functions are thought to depend on ceramides’ unique biophysical properties, which promote strong alterations of cell membrane properties and consequent triggering of signaling events. Over the last decades, efforts were made to understand the impact of ceramide on membrane biophysical features. Several studies, performed in a multitude of membrane models, address ceramides’ specific interac...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Lipidomics in situ: Insights into plant lipid metabolism from high resolution spatial maps of metabolites
Publication date: April 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 54 Author(s): Patrick J. Horn , Kent D. Chapman The emergence of ‘omics’ technologies (i.e. genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.) have revealed new avenues for exploring plant metabolism through data-rich experimentation and integration of complementary methodologies. Over the past decade, the lipidomics field has benefited from advances in instrumentation, especially mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches that are well-suited for detailed lipid analysis. The broad classification of what constitutes a lipid lends itself to a structurally ...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Application of stable isotopes to investigate the metabolism of fatty acids, glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species
Publication date: April 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 54 Author(s): Josef Ecker , Gerhard Liebisch Nature provides an enormous diversity of lipid molecules that originate from various pathways. To gain insight into the metabolism and dynamics of lipid species, the application of stable isotope-labeled tracers combined with mass spectrometric analysis represents a perfect tool. This review provides an overview of strategies to track fatty acid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism. In particular, the selection of stable isotope-labeled precursors and their mass spectrometric analysis is di...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Lipid requirements for entry of protein toxins into cells
Publication date: April 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 54 Author(s): Kirsten Sandvig , Jonas Bergan , Simona Kavaliauskiene , Tore Skotland The plant toxin ricin and the bacterial toxin Shiga toxin both belong to a group of protein toxins having one moiety that binds to the cell surface, and another, enzymatically active moiety, that enters the cytosol and inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes. Both toxins travel all the way from the cell surface to endosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the ER before the ribosome-inactivating moiety enters the cytosol. Shiga toxin binds to the neutral gl...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Systems biology strategies to study lipidomes in health and disease
Publication date: July 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 55 Author(s): Tuulia Hyötyläinen , Matej Orešič Lipids are a diverse group of metabolites that have many key biological functions, acting as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage sources and intermediates in signaling pathways. Due to their importance lipids are under tight homeostatic control and exhibit spatial and dynamic complexity at multiple levels. It is thus not surprising that altered lipid metabolism plays important roles in the pathogenesis of most of the common diseases. Lipidomics emerged as a discipline which is ...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Biochemistry of high stearic sunflower, a new source of saturated fats
Publication date: July 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 55 Author(s): Joaquín J. Salas , Enrique Martínez-Force , John L. Harwood , Mónica Venegas-Calerón , Jose Antonio Aznar-Moreno , Antonio J. Moreno-Pérez , Noemí Ruíz-López , María J. Serrano-Vega , Ian A. Graham , Robert T. Mullen , Rafael Garcés Fats based on stearic acid could be a healthier alternative to existing oils especially hydrogenated fractions of oils or palm, but only a few non-tropical species produce oils with these characteristics. In this regard, newly developed high stearic oil seed crops could be a future sourc...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Historical perspectives on the impact of n-3 and n-6 nutrients on health
This report reviews evidence that public health may benefit from advice to eat less n-6 nutrients, more n-3 nutrients and fewer calories per meal. Explicit data for linoleic acid fit an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) near 0.1 percent of daily food energy (en%) meeting needs of half the individuals in a group, a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) near 0.5 en% meeting needs of 97–98 percent of individuals, and a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) near 2 en% having no likely risk of adverse health effects. Quantitative tools help design and monitor explicit interventions that could beneficially replace imprecise advice...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
Metabolism and function of mitochondrial cardiolipin
Publication date: July 2014 Source:Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 55 Author(s): Mindong Ren , Colin K.L. Phoon , Michael Schlame Since it has been recognized that mitochondria are crucial not only for energy metabolism but also for other cellular functions, there has been a growing interest in cardiolipin, the specific phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes. Indeed, cardiolipin is a universal component of mitochondria in all eukaryotes. It has a unique dimeric structure comprised of two phosphatidic acid residues linked by a glycerol bridge, which gives rise to unique physicochemical properties. Cardiolipin pla...
Source: Progress in Lipid Research - November 5, 2014 Category: Lipidology Source Type: research
