New polyprenyl phosphate based preparation Fortepren ® as promising cytokine regulationg antiviral remedy
Fortepren ®, a product of the phosphorylation of polyprenols from fir needles (with sodium polyprenyl phosphate being the main active ingredient), belongs to the group of antiviral drugs (group J05AX) with immunomodulating activity [6]. Polyisoprenoid alcohols (PI-OH) include polyprenols (PreOH) and dolichol s (2,3-dihydropolyprenols, DolOH). PI-OH consists of at least 4 isoprene units linked head-to-tail; the molecule of PreOH includes ω-isoprene unit, 2 or 3 trans-isoprene units, a certain number of cis-isoprene units, an α-isoprene unit with cis-configuration and an hydroxyl group at the C-1 carbon atom. (Source: Cy...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - May 17, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Alexander V. Pronin, Alexander N. Narovlyansky, Andrey E. Shulzhenko, Alexander V. Sanin, Alexander M. Sedov Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
New polyprenyl phosphate based preparation Fortepren® as promising cytokine regulationg antiviral remedy
Fortepren®, a product of the phosphorylation of polyprenols from fir needles (with sodium polyprenyl phosphate being the main active ingredient), belongs to the group of antiviral drugs (group J05AX) with immunomodulating activity [6]. Polyisoprenoid alcohols (PI-OH) include polyprenols (PreOH) and dolichols (2,3-dihydropolyprenols, DolOH). PI-OH consists of at least 4 isoprene units linked head-to-tail; the molecule of PreOH includes ω-isoprene unit, 2 or 3 trans-isoprene units, a certain number of cis-isoprene units, an α-isoprene unit with cis-configuration and an hydroxyl group at the C-1 carbon atom. (Source: Cytok...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - May 17, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Alexander V. Pronin, Alexander V. Narovlyansky, Andrey E. Shulzhenko, Alexander V. Sanin, Alexander M. Sedov Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
A gradient of glucocorticoid sensitivity among helper T cell cytokines
CD4+ helper T (Th) cells play a crucial role in the immune system by secreting specific cytokines in response to diverse pathogenic insults. In addition to their protective role, Th cells are also key players in autoimmune disorders, allergies, and asthma. A mainstay for treating these immunological diseases is glucocorticoids. However, glucocorticoid resistance occurs in subsets of patients and the extent of glucocorticoid resistance differs among diseases. A comparison of these diseases reveals that different diseases have varying degrees of Th cell involvement. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - May 12, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Jesus Banuelos, Nicholas Z. Lu Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
STAT3 signaling in immunity
STAT3 was discovered over 20 years ago as a component of the interleukin-6- (IL-6) activated acute phase response factor (APRF) complex [1 –3], which has a crucial role in stimulating expression of innate immune mediators in liver. This discovery led to rapid identification of STAT3 as a member of the STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) family, based on size similarity, antigenic and structural relatedness, as w ell as comparable DNA binding activity, to the interferon (IFN)-responsive STAT proteins. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - May 8, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Emily J. Hillmer, Huiyuan Zhang, Haiyan S. Li, Stephanie S. Watowich Tags: Survey Source Type: research
STAT3 signaling in immunity
STAT3 was discovered over 20 years ago as a component of the interleukin-6- (IL-6) activated acute phase response factor (APRF) complex [1–3], which has a crucial role in stimulating expression of innate immune mediators in liver. This discovery led to rapid identification of STAT3 as a member of the STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) family, based on size similarity, antigenic and structural relatedness, as well as comparable DNA binding activity, to the interferon (IFN)-responsive STAT proteins. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - May 8, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Emily J. Hillmer, Huiyuan Zhang, Haiyan S. Li, Stephanie S. Watowich Tags: Survey Source Type: research
Interleukin-4 receptor signaling and its binding mechanism: A therapeutic insight from inhibitors tool box
IL-4, a cytokine discovered in the 1980 ’s, remains in the spotlight as a target for designing a potent small molecular inhibitor. This cytokine is primarily produced by basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils, beside Th2 lymphocytes [1]. Its molecular weight varies between 12 and 20KDa because of irregular pattern of post-translational modification, particularly glycosylation. This cytokine shares most of cell surface receptors, sequence homology, intracellular signaling and limited functional effects with the IL-13 cytokine [2]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - April 29, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Zaheer Ul-Haq, Sehrish Naz, M. Ahmed Mesaik Source Type: research
Interleukin-4 receptor signaling and its binding mechanism: A therapeutic insight from inhibitors tool box
IL-4, a cytokine discovered in the 1980’s, remains in the spotlight as a target for designing a potent small molecular inhibitor. This cytokine is primarily produced by basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils, beside Th2 lymphocytes [1]. Its molecular weight varies between 12 and 20KDa because of irregular pattern of post-translational modification, particularly glycosylation. This cytokine shares most of cell surface receptors, sequence homology, intracellular signaling and limited functional effects with the IL-13 cytokine [2]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - April 29, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Zaheer Ul-Haq, Sehrish Naz, M. Ahmed Mesaik Source Type: research
The implication of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity
Post-translational modifications (PTM) dynamically regulate the activity and/or broaden the functional spectrum of a given substrate protein, in response to specific signals. Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) represent a growing list of modifiers, which are homologous to ubiquitin and display similar three-dimensional structures. These include interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and NEDD8. Biochemically, Ubls are processed, activated, conjugated and deconjugated by a different set of enzymes, which are analogous to those implicated in the ubiquitin pathway [1,2]. (Source: Cytokine and G...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - April 27, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Zara Hannoun, Ghizlane Maarifi, Mounira K. Chelbi-Alix Tags: Survey Source Type: research
The role of adiponectin in obesity-associated female-specific carcinogenesis
Worldwide, obesity has been designated a serious health problem for women and is associated with a variety of metabolic disorders, including an increased risk of developing cancer. The Million Women Study emphasized the association between body mass index (BMI) and a number of cancers among women aged 50 –64 [1]. According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the prevalence of obesity is higher among low income and less educated women, and in women living in developing countries where the cancer screening rate is lower. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - April 5, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju, Balney Rajitha, Sheik Aliya, Rama P. Kotipatruni, Appiya Santharam Madanraj, Anthea Hammond, Dongkyoo Park, Srinivasulu Chigurupati, Afroz Alam, Subasini Pattnaik Tags: Survey Source Type: research
The role of adiponectin in obesity-associated female-specific carcinogenesis
Worldwide, obesity has been designated a serious health problem for women and is associated with a variety of metabolic disorders, including an increased risk of developing cancer. The Million Women Study emphasized the association between body mass index (BMI) and a number of cancers among women aged 50–64 [1]. According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the prevalence of obesity is higher among low income and less educated women, and in women living in developing countries where the cancer screening rate is lower. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - April 5, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju, Balney Rajitha, Sheik Aliya, Rama P. Kotipatruni, Appiya Santharam Madanraj, Anthea Hammond, Dongkyoo Park, Srinivasulu Chigurupati, Afroz Alam, Subasini Pattnaik Tags: Survey Source Type: research
Beyond autophagy: New roles for ULK1 in immune signaling and interferon responses
ULK1 (Unc-51-like kinase 1) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase mainly known for its regulatory role in autophagy in response to nutrient deprivation [1,2]. However, recent findings have revealed a prospective role for ULK1 in regulation of innate immunity of interferons (IFNs) [3,4]. This opens a new field of investigation that could have important implications for the advancement of the IFN research field and change our overall understanding of the mechanisms behind IFN-mediated immune responses. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 31, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Diana Saleiro, Ewa M. Kosciuczuk, Leonidas C. Platanias Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
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(Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 31, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
