Danger, diversity and priming in innate antiviral immunity
The rapid response to viral infection is imperative for a cell, tissue and whole organism to gain the advantage in the interplay between host and virus. In the traditional model, viral infection is first detected via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). At the cell surface, detection can be mediated following recognition of viral glycoproteins by surface receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [1–3]. Following entry, viral nucleic acids act as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are recognized via TLRs in the endosome or RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) or DNA sensors in the cytoplasm. (Source: Cytokine a...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 11, 2014 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Susan E. Collins, Karen L. Mossman Source Type: research
Innate immune activation of NFκB and its antagonism by poxviruses
Under the constant selective pressure of pathogens, immunity is the most rapidly evolving system in vertebrates. All viruses evolve strategies to inhibit or evade host immunity leading to minimally symptomatic and persistent infection once virus–host adaptation is optimally attuned. Poxviruses are particularly adept at targeting innate immunity in a precise and efficient manner. Poxviral immune evasion genes collectively form a toolbox of inhibitors and decoys targeting the rate-limiting steps in host anti-viral signalling pathways. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 11, 2014 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Gareth Brady, Andrew G. Bowie Source Type: research
The potential of adipokines as therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disease
Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ by producing bioactive secretory proteins, also known as adipokines, that can directly act on nearby or remote organs. Most of the adipokines are upregulated by obese conditions, and typically promote obese complications. In contrast, some adipokines, such as adiponectin, CTRP9 and omentin, are downregulated in obese states. These factors exert salutary actions on obesity-linked cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we focus on the significance of adiponectin, CTRP9 and omentin as therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disease. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 11, 2014 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Rei Shibata, Koji Ohashi, Toyoaki Murohara, Noriyuki Ouchi Source Type: research
Role of adiponectin in obesity related gastrointestinal carcinogenesis
Adiponectin is produced in the white adipose tissue and is known to have anti-metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties. Serum/plasma adiponectin levels depend on diet, physical activity, and inheritance. Epidemiologic observations suggest a potential link between obesity and gastrointestinal malignancies. Low levels of adiponectin, which are known to occur in obesity, may contribute to the high incidence of cancer in this population. This review discusses the biochemical and molecular evidence regarding the relationship between adiponectin and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and provides several future perspectives on th...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - June 23, 2014 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju, Sheik Aliya, Olatunji Boladale Alese Tags: Survey Source Type: research
The interplay between central metabolism and innate immune responses
A growing body of recent studies bring into light an important cross-talk between immune response and metabolism not only at the level of the organism as a whole, but also at the level of the individual cells. Cellular bioenergetics functions not only as a power plant to fuel up the cells, but the intermediate metabolites are shown to play an important role to modulate cellular responses. It is especially the pathways through which a cell metabolizes glucose that have been recently shown to influence both innate and adaptive immune responses, with oxidative phosphorylation used by resting or tolerant cells, while aerobic g...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - June 23, 2014 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Shih-Chin Cheng, Leo A.B. Joosten, Mihai G. Netea Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
