Current topics in HIV-1 pathogenesis: The emergence of deregulated immuno-metabolism in HIV-infected subjects
Immunology and metabolism have always been considered as distinct disciplines. However, recent advances in the understanding of immune functions under normal and disease conditions associate these branches with intricate networks. In this context, most cancer cells predominantly undergo high rate of glycolysis, up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissues even in the absence of oxygen. Such effect is called “Warburg effect” and results in major changes in inflammation and the immune response [1–3]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - September 8, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Xavier Dagenais-Lussierr, Aounallah Mouna, Jean-Pierre Routy, Cecile Tremblay, Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, Mohamed El-Far, Julien van Grevenynghe Source Type: research
Editorial Board and Publication information
(Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - August 1, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Mechanisms of enterohepatic fibroblast growth factor 15/19 signaling in health and disease
The human Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family comprises 18 members of extracellular signaling molecules that act as key regulators of diverse cellular functions under a plethora of different physiological and pathological conditions. FGFs are typically classified into six subfamilies based on sequence homology and functional properties. Most FGFs share conserved heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HSGAG) binding sites (HBS) that rapidly interact with cell surface receptors in close vicinity to the site of their release. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 28, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Daniel Jahn, Monika Rau, Heike M. Hermanns, Andreas Geier Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
The IL-33/ST2 axis: Role in health and disease
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL1 cytokine family, is mainly associated with the induction of T-helper type 2 (Th2) immune response through its receptor, ST2 [1]. Several immune cell types express IL-33, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, as do non-immune cells, such as endothelial cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts [1–4]. IL33 was initially described as a nuclear repressor factor, and later identified as an extracellular ligand for ST2 [1,2]. The ST2 receptor, encoded by the IL1RL1 gene, is expressed as a ST2L membrane-anchored receptor variant activated by IL-33, and as the soluble variant sST2, wh...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 28, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Marjorie De la Fuente, Thomas T. MacDonald, Marcela A. Hermoso Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Interleukin 35: Critical Regulator of Immunity and Lymphocyte-mediated Diseases
Detection and eventual elimination of pathogens derive from productive interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Cytokines produced by innate immune cells provide instructional signals for the differentiation of naïve lymphocytes into appropriate effector subsets while the differentiated effector lymphocytes in turn produce cytokines that orchestrate adaptive immune responses that eventually eliminate the pathogen and re-establish immune homeostasis. Cytokines are a broad group of soluble factors that function in an autocrine or paracrine manner. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 20, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Charles E. Egwuagu, Cheng-Rong Yu, Lin Sun, Renxi Wang Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) and neuropoietin (NP) signalling and their roles in development, adulthood, cancer and degenerative disorders
Cardiotrophin-like-cytokine (CLCF1) and neuropoietin (NP) are the least defined of the four-helix bundle cytokines that signal through the gp130 receptor subunit. Until 10 years ago their main roles were thought to be restricted to the regulation of motor neuron development. However, more recent work has identified potential activities in adult biology, degenerative conditions and cancer, in a wide range of organ systems. In this review, I will describe what is currently known about the signalling complexes formed by these cytokines, and how their components overlap, as well as their known and postulated physiological and ...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 13, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Natalie A. Sims Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Emerging roles for IL-11 signaling in cancer development and progression: focus on breast cancer
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines that comprises nine secreted soluble ligands; IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin-M (OSM), ciliaryneurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), interleukin-27 (IL-27) and interleukin-31 (IL-31) [1–10]. Each ligand interacts with a specific non-catalytic transmembrane receptor or receptors, commonly referred to as the receptor alpha chain. Importantly, the family is defined by their shared use of the ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein glycoprotein-130 beta-subunit (GP130, also known as I...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 13, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Cameron N. Johnstone, Ashwini Chand, Tracy L. Putoczki, Matthias Ernst Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Insights into IL-23 biology: From structure to function
Communication among various cell types involved in the immune system is mediated by cytokines. One group of these proteins are interleukins (ILs), small peptide hormones which bind to their specific receptors and control the differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis of the respective target cells. Interleukin dysregulation can cause chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases or neoplastic disorders. Based on sequence homology and receptor chain similarities or functional properties interleukins are grouped into different families [1]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 10, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Doreen M. Floss, Jutta Schröder, Manuel Franke, Jürgen Scheller Tags: Survey Source Type: research
“Family reunion” – A structured view on the composition of the receptor complexes of interleukin-6-type and interleukin-12-type cytokines
The Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews Special Issue on interleukin-6/interleukin-12-type cytokines aims to create a structured view on the composition of the receptor complexes of IL-6-type and IL-12 type cytokines and to summarize our current knowledge on the signal transduction and (patho-) physiology of these cytokines. The following articles in this special issue are dedicated to the structure and biology of interleukin-6/interleukin-12 type cytokines. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 6, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Stefan Rose-John, Jürgen Scheller, Fred Schaper Tags: Guest editorial Source Type: research
Guest-Editorial “Family reunion” A structured view on the composition of the receptor complexes of interleukin-6-type and interleukin-12-type cytokines
The Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews Special Issue on interleukin-6/interleukin-12-type cytokines aims to create a structured view on the composition of the receptor complexes of IL-6-type and IL-12 type cytokines and to summarize our current knowledge on the signal transduction and (patho-) physiology of these cytokines. The following articles in this special issue are dedicated to the structure and biology of interleukin-6/interleukin-12 type cytokines. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 6, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Stefan Rose-John, Jürgen Scheller, Fred Schaper Source Type: research
Human consensus interferons: Bridging the natural and artificial cytokines with intrinsic disorder
In response to the presence of various pathogens, ranging from viruses and bacteria, to parasites and tumor cells, and their products the host cells produce and release a group of signaling proteins, interferons (IFNs) [1]. The IFN release by the infected cells produces a unique signal to the neighboring cells to tighten their defense mechanisms. Therefore, IFNs are considered as cytokines, since they are used for the inter-cell communication aiming at triggering of the protective mechanisms used by the immune system to eradicate pathogens [2]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 6, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Nawal Abd El-Baky, Vladimir N. Uversky, Elrashdy M. Redwan Source Type: research
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
LIF was first cloned as an inducer of differentiation and inhibitor of proliferation of a myeloid leukemic cell line (M1)[1]. At the same time other groups were purifying activities that suppressed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (DIA)[2], stimulated proliferation of myeloid DA1 cells (HILDA)[3], induced an acute phase response in hepatocytes (HSF)[4], caused neurotransmitter switching in neurons (CNDF)[5] [6] and inhibited adipocyte lipoprotein lipase activity (MLPLI)[7]. Following purification each of these activities was shown to be identical to LIF. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 4, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Nicos A. Nicola, Jeffrey J. Babon Tags: Survey Source Type: research
Systems Biology of IL-6, IL-12 family cytokines
A major challenge for biology is to understand how complex multicellular organisms function. To determine how cells within an organism act and interact it is important to comprehend how information is transduced between and within cells. Signal transduction in multicellular organisms is mediated by complex signaling networks. Therefore, information processing within organisms cannot be addressed by looking at molecules alone, instead a systems view is needed [1–3]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 4, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Anna Dittrich, Wiebke Hessenkemper, Fred Schaper Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Interleukin-12: functional activities and implications for disease
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) was the first member of the IL-12 family of cytokines to be identified and has therefore become its eponym. It is a heterodimeric protein of two subunits (p35, p40) secreted by phagocytic cells in response to pathogens and mainly acts through STAT4 to induce IFN-γ production in T and NK cells. IFN-γ in turn mediates proinflammatory functions and activates T-bet. As IL-12 engages in TH1 development, it is believed to represent an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 4, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Sebastian Zundler, Markus F. Neurath Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Interleukin-6: Biology, Signaling and Strategies of Blockade
Cytokines are proteins, which are engaged in the communication between cells of the immune system. Furthermore, many cytokines perform regulatory functions outside of the immune system. The majority of cytokines show a four-helical protein fold [1]. Members of other protein families such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and tumor growth factor α (TGFα) are often also referred to as cytokines although they belong to different protein families, which are not discussed here. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - July 4, 2015 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Fred Schaper, Stefan Rose-John Tags: Survey Source Type: research
