Microbial pathogenesis and type III interferons
The advent of the antibiotic-era promised to significantly reduce the incidence and negative outcomes associated with infectious disease; however pathogenic bacteria still play a significant role in our lives. Infectious diseases are one of the most common worldwide causes of death and are the leading cause of disease burden as assessed by disability-adjusted-life-years by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. The growing number of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is of increasing concern, prompting the WHO in 2014 to release a report on the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, with high levels of resistance prese...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 4, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Taylor S. Cohen, Dane Parker Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
IL-9 signaling as key driver of chronic inflammation in mucosal immunity
The epithelial cell layer of the mucosa in the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts covers an area of several hundred square meters in adults. This large surface of epithelial cells exposes the underlying mucosal immune system to potentially harmful agents including allergens and infectious agents. To prevent uncontrolled inflammation and maintain homeostasis, mucosal surfaces have highly structured immune systems that control the balance between immune responsiveness and non-responsiveness (tolerance) to environmental agents [1,2]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 4, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Markus F. Neurath, Susetta Finotto Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
CD28 costimulatory signals in T lymphocyte activation: Emerging functions beyond a qualitative and quantitative support to TCR signalling
Optimal T cell response to antigen is achieved following the recognition of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by TCR (signal one) together with a subset of co-stimuli (signal two), generally provided by counter-receptors expressed on the surface of APCs. Since its discovery in early 1980s, CD28 has been considered the most prominent co-stimulatory molecule for optimal T cell clonal expansion, differentiation and effector functions. CD28 is a 44kDa glycosylated, disulfide-linked homodimeric type I transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of 80% of human CD4+ T cells, 50% of human CD8+ T cells [1] and 100%...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 4, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Nical Porciello, Loretta Tuosto Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING): A “new chapter” in virus-associated cancer research. Lessons from wild-derived mouse models of innate immunity
Exciting discoveries are being made almost every day in the field of intercellular communication in the immune system forcing to regularly re-think established concepts. Although these new findings need comprehensive verification, many of them can indeed radically change our understanding of regulatory relationships required for the immune system to implement its functions in different mammalian species. Close attention is being paid today to the innate response to cytosolic DNA since it forms the basis of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 4, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Alexander Poltorak, Olga Kurmyshkina, Tatyana Volkova Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Chemokine binding proteins: An immunomodulatory strategy going viral
Chemokines are small, basic cytokines that orchestrate the migration of leukocytes during development, homeostasis, tissue damage and infection [1]. Deregulation of chemokine function plays a key role in cancer development, immunopathologies and induction of pain [2,3]. Chemokines are secreted, with the exception of CXCL16 and CX3CL1, which are transmembrane proteins and can be shed following cleavage (reviewed in [4]). Interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the cell surface is required for chemokine retention on the endothelium, presentation to the chemokine receptor and thereby activity in vivo [5,6]. (Source: Cyt...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 4, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Victor González-Motos, Kai Kropp, Abel Viejo-Borbolla Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
The emerging role of interferon regulatory factor 9 in the antiviral host response and beyond
The host response to viral infections relies on tightly regulated and intricate signaling pathways involving type I interferons (IFN-Is). The IFN-Is mediate their antiviral effects predominantly through a signaling factor complex that comprises the transcription factors, interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. While STAT1 and STAT2 have been studied extensively, the biological significance of IRF9 is only beginning to emerge. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 4, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Tamara Suprunenko, Markus J. Hofer Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Regulation of TBK1 activity by Optineurin contributes to cell cycle-dependent expression of the interferon pathway
Innate immunity is a host mechanism found in most multicellular organisms that serves as a first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The innate immune response results in the production of immune modulatory cytokines and the mobilization of cells of the immune system. Detection of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) by the pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) activates intracellular signaling pathways that culminate in the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and type I IFN, i.e. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 4, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Robert Weil, Emmanuel Laplantine, Pierre Génin Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Microbial pathogenesis and type III interferons
The advent of the antibiotic-era promised to significantly reduce the incidence and negative outcomes associated with infectious disease; however pathogenic bacteria still play a significant role in our lives. Infectious diseases are one of the most common worldwide causes of death and are the leading cause of disease burden as assessed by disability-adjusted-life-years by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. The growing number of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is of increasing concern, prompting the WHO in 2014 to release a report on the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, with high levels of resistance prese...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 3, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Taylor S. Cohen, Dane Parker Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
IL-9 signaling as key driver of chronic inflammation in mucosal immunity
The epithelial cell layer of the mucosa in the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts covers an area of several hundred square meters in adults. This large surface of epithelial cells exposes the underlying mucosal immune system to potentially harmful agents including allergens and infectious agents. To prevent uncontrolled inflammation and maintain homeostasis, mucosal surfaces have highly structured immune systems that control the balance between immune responsiveness and non-responsiveness (tolerance) to environmental agents [1,2]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 3, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Markus F. Neurath, Susetta Finotto Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING): A “new chapter” in virus-associated cancer research. Lessons from wild-derived mouse models of innate immunity
Exciting discoveries are being made almost every day in the field of intercellular communication in the immune system forcing to regularly re-think established concepts. Although these new findings need comprehensive verification, many of them can indeed radically change our understanding of regulatory relationships required for the immune system to implement its functions in different mammalian species. Close attention is being paid today to the innate response to cytosolic DNA since it forms the basis of pathogenesis of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 3, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Alexander Poltorak, Olga Kurmyshkina, Tatyana Volkova Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Chemokine binding proteins: An immunomodulatory strategy going viral
Chemokines are small, basic cytokines that orchestrate the migration of leukocytes during development, homeostasis, tissue damage and infection [1]. Deregulation of chemokine function plays a key role in cancer development, immunopathologies and induction of pain [2,3]. Chemokines are secreted, with the exception of CXCL16 and CX3CL1, which are transmembrane proteins and can be shed following cleavage (reviewed in [4]). Interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the cell surface is required for chemokine retention on the endothelium, presentation to the chemokine receptor and thereby activity in vivo [5,6]. (Source: Cyt...
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 3, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: V íctor González-Motos, Kai A. Kropp, Abel Viejo-Borbolla Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
The emerging role of interferon regulatory factor 9 in the antiviral host response and beyond
The host response to viral infections relies on tightly regulated and intricate signaling pathways involving type I interferons (IFN-Is). The IFN-Is mediate their antiviral effects predominantly through a signaling factor complex that comprises the transcription factors, interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. While STAT1 and STAT2 have been studied extensively, the biological significance of IRF9 is only beginning to emerge. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 3, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Tamara Suprunenko, Markus J. Hofer Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
Regulation of TBK1 activity by Optineurin contributes to cell cycle-dependent expression of the interferon pathway
Innate immunity is a host mechanism found in most multicellular organisms that serves as a first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The innate immune response results in the production of immune modulatory cytokines and the mobilization of cells of the immune system. Detection of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) by the pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) activates intracellular signaling pathways that culminate in the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and type I IFN, i.e. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 3, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Robert Weil, Emmanuel Laplantine, Pierre G énin Tags: Mini review Source Type: research
E2F1 transcription factor and its impact on growth factor and cytokine signaling
E2F transcription factor family members play critical roles in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. The landmark paper published in 1986 showed that transcriptional induction of adenoviral E2 gene required a cellular protein in addition to adenoviral E1A [1]. Following this original paper, subsequent studies identified that cellular protein as so-called E2 factor (E2F) protein [2,3]. In 1991, a product of adenovirus E1A gene was shown to interact with retinoblastoma-related protein Rb [4], following this, in 1992, it was shown that Rb also binds to members of E2F transcription factor family [5]. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews)
Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews - March 1, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Mustafa Gokhan Ertosun, Fatma Zehra Hapil, Osman OZES Nidai Tags: Survey Source Type: research
