Abstract CN04-02: High priority immunotherapy agents in development to treat and prevent cancer
The key insight driving the development of effective cancer immunotherapy is that all cancers have mutated proteins, and that many of these mutated proteins are recognizable as foreign by the patient's own T cells. Cancers evolve and become more and more aggressive by continuously accumulating additional mutations. As cancers evolve, T cells co-evolve the capacity to recognize and kill the cancer cells by recognition of the additional mutated proteins.Unfortunately, cancer cells also co-evolve mechanisms to escape T cell. Many cancer cell escape mechanisms are similar or identical to escape mechanisms exploited by infectio...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Cheever, M. A. M. Tags: Other Topics in Chemoprevention and Biological Therapies: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract PL04-01: Metabolic approaches to cancer prevention
It is well known that macronutrient intake and exercise influence cancer risk (1). They also have important metabolic effects because they determine energy balance at the whole organism level. There is accumulating evidence that the association between obesity and cancer risk may be attributable to the endocrine-metabolic consequences of chronic positive energy balance.Examples of candidate mediators of the effect of excess energy intake on risk of cancer are increased insulin levels and decreased adiponectin levels (2,3). Mechanistically, by increasing PI3K pathway activation (due to hyperinsulinemia) or decreasing AMPK a...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Pollak, M. N. Tags: Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN04-01: Multi-antigen vaccines for cancer prevention
To be effective, vaccines must arm the immune system to target and destroy disease causing agents. In infection, the pathogen has been defined. In cancer, the etiologic agent is generally unknown. Although the specific cause of a cancer may be multifactorial, there are a limited number of genetic alterations that will induce initiation and maintenance of the malignancy. Proteins expressed during the malignant transformation would be excellent targets for a preventative vaccine could they be identified. We have shown overexpression of cancer associated proteins is a potential mechanism by which they become immunogenic. Armi...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Disis, M. L., Marquez, J. P., Stanton, S. E. Tags: Cancer Prevention Vaccines: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract PL03-03: ER stress and TNF signaling control the progression from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
In addition to insulin resistance and type II diabetes, the obesity epidemic had resulted in a large increase in the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which ranges in its manifestations from simple steatosis without liver inflammation and fibrosis to NASH, which is accompanied by liver damage and fibrosis. The mechanisms that govern the progression from simple steatosis to NASH are obscure, but are thought to depend on secondary risk factors that act together with obesity. To study these mechanisms we have developed a new mouse model of NASH which closely mimics all of the features of human NASH. This...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Karin, M. Tags: Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN03-03: Improving decision making for ductal carcinoma in situ
With greater use of screening mammography, the incidence of pre-invasive breast carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has increased by 560% over the past 35 years. By the year 2020, more than 1 million women will be living with a DCIS diagnosis. Despite the large number of women affected, the optimal treatment strategy for DCIS is not known.DCIS does not spread to the lymph nodes or other sites in the body, but left untreated, can progress to invasive breast cancer. Mastectomy, or removal of the breast, had been the standard of care for treatment of DCIS and is curative in almost all patients; however, it is an extr...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Punglia, R. Tags: Decision Making: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract PL03-01: A gnotobiotic mouse model demonstrates that dietary fiber protects against colorectal tumorigenesis in a microbiota- and butyrate-dependent manner
It is controversial whether dietary fiber protects against colorectal cancer because of conflicting results from human epidemiologic studies. However, these studies and mouse models of colorectal cancer have not controlled the composition of gut microbiota, which ferment fiber into short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate. Butyrate is noteworthy because it has energentic and epigenetic functions in colonocytes and tumor-suppressive properties in colorectal cancer cell lines. We colonized BALB/c mice with wild-type or mutant strains of a butyrate-producing bacterium in a gnotobiotic facility, provided them with high- or low...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Donohoe, D., Holley, D., Collins, L., Montgomery, S., Whitmore, A., Curry, K., Renner, S., Greenwalt, A., Ryan, E., Godfrey, V., Threadgill, D., Swenberg, J., Threadgill, D., Bultman, S. Tags: Diet and Cancer: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN03-01: Dissemination and implementation of cancer prevention policies: The example of smoke-free public housing
Second and third hand smoke exposure increases risk for a number of cancers and other adverse health effects in smokers and non- smokers. Public health campaigns have reduced smoking in many types of public enclosed spaces, but the residential environment remains an important area for risk reduction. In multi-unit housing, significant exposure due to drift between units has led to market and policy efforts to promote smoke-free multi-unit housing options. Public housing authorities have implemented smoke-free policies in greater numbers since the 2009 HUD Healthy Homes Strategic Plan, but the implementation of smoke-free p...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Klassen, A. C. Tags: Tobacco: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract PL02-03: Diet, nutrition, and cancer: Past, present, and future
For many years, Dr. John Milner was a champion for research on diet, nutrition and cancer. As part of his memorial symposium, this presentation will review the state of science on this topic, including a consideration of where the field has been, where it is today, and opportunities for future progress. The 1980s focused research on this topic, with the publication of several landmark reports, including the 1982 publication on "Diet, Nutrition and Cancer" by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, which was followed by a Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health in 1988 and several other landmark publications. The co...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Mayne, S. T. Tags: Diet and Cancer: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN02-03: Quitting or switching? Health benefits and risk of electronic cigarettes
Although the best way for smokers to avoid the health risks associated with smoking is to quit smoking altogether, for those who do continue to smoke the application of an exposure reduction ("harm reduction") strategy could result in substantial reductions in mortality and morbidity. Many smokers are concerned about the health effects of smoking and might be interested in trying new products if they believed this would reduce their health risk. The concept of exposure reduction is based on the principle that if dangerous behavior, like smoking, is likely to continue, the harm caused should be minimized. One such approach ...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Goniewicz, M. L. Tags: Exercise and Prevention: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract PL02-02: Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer
In 1995, the first large prospective cohort data emerged from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) demonstrating a protective association between the intake of tomatoes and processed tomato products and a lower risk of prostate cancer (PCa). By utilizing data-bases of food content of carotenoids it has been possible to demonstrate similar associations between the estimated intake of lycopene (LYC), the non-provitamin A carotenoid providing the familiar red color of tomatoes, and PCa risk. With an additional two decades of monitoring the associations originally identified in the HPFS remain consistent in the 2014...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Clinton, S. K. Tags: Diet and Cancer: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN02-02: Research on establishing policies for comprehensive UV protection
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. In July 2014, the U.S. Surgeon General issued a Call to Action to prevent skin cancer by reducing exposure to solar and non-solar ultraviolet radiation (UV), a primary risk factor. Policies in educational, occupational, and public spheres are an important component in these prevention efforts. Comprehensive policies are comprised of environmental controls, administrative procedures, and personal protection practices. Policy approaches can overcome low perceived risk, equalize differences among subgroups, maximize health education, and clarify personal and organiza...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Buller, D. Tags: Exercise and Prevention: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract PL02-01: Nutrition, epigenetics, and cancer
Transient nutritional exposures during critical ontogenic periods can cause persistent changes in gene expression, metabolism, and risk of various diseases including cancer. We have been investigating whether such ‘developmental programming’ occurs via nutritional influences on developmental epigenetics. Our studies in agouti viable yellow and axin fused mice showed that developmental establishment of DNA methylation at ‘metastable epialleles’ is especially sensitive to maternal nutritional status around the time of conception. Lately, using a multiple-tissue screen for interindividual variation in ...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Waterland, R. A. Tags: Other Topics in Epidemiology/Lifestyle Factors: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN02-01: Is it too late or too little? Prevention through physical activity
Physical activity is one of the leading ways to prevent cancer with estimates concluding 30% of cancers in the US could be improved through improvements to diet, obesity and exercise behaviors. Despite the cancer and other chronic disease benefits from physical activity, the majority of the US population remains inactive. Efforts to implement cancer prevention through physical activity are met with questions about the specifics of the relation between physical activity and cancer: Everyone? How much? How hard?Evidence is accumulating that physical activity across the lifecourse is important for cancer prevention. In additi...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Wolin, K. Y. Tags: Exercise and Prevention: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract PL01-02: Influence of the microbiota on cellular proliferation and survival
The resident prokaryotic microbiota of the mammalian intestine influences diverse homeostatic functions of the gut, including maintenance of barrier function, modulation of immune responses, as well as energy and nutrient extraction. Additionally, through studies of germ free mice, it has become apparent that commensal prokaryotic organisms are involved in the regulation of growth and survival in the intestinal epithelia, and thus may play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of colon cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms of growth control by prokaryotes in the gut are largely unknown. It is increasingly recognized t...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Neish, A. S. Tags: Other Topics in Epidemiology/Lifestyle Factors: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN01-02: Instrumenting the healthcare enterprise for discovery research
It is critical for us to leverage healthcare technology to find ways to meet our goals in clinical research. The Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) project is used to accrue patients for clinical trials using data from a hospital's medical record. It is also valuable as a platform for generally validating disease phenotypes as part of in-silico studies that explore associations of phenotypes with the information gathered from biologic samples such as the genotypes of the patients and their tissues. The software can adapt to Patient Surveys and Reported Outcomes as well as routine Electronic Medical ...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Murphy, S. N. Tags: Bioinformatics and ' Omics : Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
