Physical Activity and Prostate Tumor Vessel Morphology
Vigorous activity is associated with lower risk of prostate cancer progression, but the biologic mechanisms are unknown. Exercise affects vascularization of tumors in animal models, and small, irregularly shaped vessels in prostate tumors are associated with fatal prostate cancer. We hypothesized that men who engaged in vigorous activity or brisk walking would have larger, more regularly shaped vessels in their prostate tumors. We prospectively examined whether physical activity was associated with prostate tumor microvessel morphology among 571 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study using ordinal logistic regress...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Van Blarigan, E. L., Gerstenberger, J. P., Kenfield, S. A., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Jones, L. W., Clinton, S. K., Chan, J. M., Mucci, L. A. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Timing of Driver Mutations versus Tumor Progression
Human colorectal cancers often possess multiple mutations, including three to six driver mutations per tumor. The timing of when these mutations occur during tumor development and progression continues to be debated. More advanced lesions carry a greater number of driver mutations, indicating that colon tumors might progress from adenomas to carcinomas through the stepwise accumulation of mutations following tumor initiation. However, mutations that have been implicated in tumor progression have been identified in normal-appearing epithelial cells of the colon, leaving the possibility that these mutations might be present ...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Hadac, J. N., Leystra, A. A., Paul Olson, T. J., Maher, M. E., Payne, S. N., Yueh, A. E., Schwartz, A. R., Albrecht, D. M., Clipson, L., Pasch, C. A., Matkowskyj, K. A., Halberg, R. B., Deming, D. A. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Soy and Breast Tissue Density Mammogram and MRI
Soy supplementation by patients with breast cancer remains controversial. No controlled intervention studies have investigated the effects of soy supplementation on mammographic density in patients with breast cancer. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study in previously treated patients with breast cancer (n = 66) and high-risk women (n = 29). We obtained digital mammograms and breast MRI scans at baseline and after 12 months of daily soy (50 mg isoflavones per day; n = 46) or placebo (n = 49) tablet supplementation. The total breast area (MA) and the area of mammographic density (MD...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Wu, A. H., Spicer, D., Garcia, A., Tseng, C.-C., Hovanessian-Larsen, L., Sheth, P., Martin, S. E., Hawes, D., Russell, C., MacDonald, H., Tripathy, D., Su, M.-Y., Ursin, G., Pike, M. C. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
HPV In Vitro/In Vivo Neutralization Induced by Trx-L2
Current prophylactic virus-like particle (VLP) human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are based on the L1 major capsid protein and provide robust but virus type-restricted protection. Moreover, VLP vaccines have a high production cost, require cold-chain storage, and are thus not readily implementable in developing countries, which endure 85% of the cervical cancer–related death burden worldwide. In contrast with L1, immunization with minor capsid protein L2 elicits broad cross-neutralization, and we previously showed that insertion of a peptide spanning amino acids 20–38 of L2 into bacterial thioredoxin (Trx) gre...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Seitz, H., Ribeiro-Muller, L., Canali, E., Bolchi, A., Tommasino, M., Ottonello, S., Muller, M. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women
Associational studies suggest higher intakes/blood levels of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) relative to the omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA) are associated with reduced breast cancer risk. We performed a pilot study of high-dose EPA + DHA in postmenopausal women to assess feasibility before initiating a phase IIB prevention trial. Postmenopausal women with cytologic evidence of hyperplasia in their baseline random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) took 1,860 mg EPA +1500 mg DHA ethyl esters daily for 6 months. Blood and breast tissue were sampled at baseline and stu...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Fabian, C. J., Kimler, B. F., Phillips, T. A., Nydegger, J. L., Kreutzjans, A. L., Carlson, S. E., Hidaka, B. H., Metheny, T., Zalles, C. M., Mills, G. B., Powers, K. R., Sullivan, D. K., Petroff, B. K., Hensing, W. L., Fridley, B. L., Hursting, S. D. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk Biomarkers: Premenopausal Women
Higher intakes of the omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) relative to the omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA) have been variably associated with reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. The purpose of this pilot trial was to assess feasibility and explore the effects of high-dose EPA and DHA on blood and benign breast tissue risk biomarkers before design of a placebo-controlled phase IIB trial. Premenopausal women with evidence of hyperplasia ± atypia by baseline random periareolar fine needle aspiration were given 1860 mg of EPA + 1500 mg of DHA ethyl esters daily for 6 months. Blood an...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Fabian, C. J., Kimler, B. F., Phillips, T. A., Box, J. A., Kreutzjans, A. L., Carlson, S. E., Hidaka, B. H., Metheny, T., Zalles, C. M., Mills, G. B., Powers, K. R., Sullivan, D. K., Petroff, B. K., Hensing, W. L., Fridley, B. L., Hursting, S. D. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Physical Activity and Risk of Prostate Cancer
Physical activity in adult life may reduce prostate cancer risk. Data are scarce on the role of activity during early adulthood, as well as combined recreational and occupational physical activity on prostate cancer risk and mortality. We undertook a prospective study of 8,221 Icelandic men (born 1907 to 1935) in the population-based Reykjavik Study. At enrollment, between 1967 and 1987, the men provided information on regular recreational physical activity since the age of 20 years as well as current occupational activity. Through linkage to nationwide cancer and mortality registers, the men were followed for prostate can...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Hrafnkelsdottir, S. M., Torfadottir, J. E., Aspelund, T., Magnusson, K. T., Tryggvadottir, L., Gudnason, V., Mucci, L. A., Stampfer, M., Valdimarsdottir, U. A. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Vitamin D Repletion Reduces Premalignat Lesions in NTCU-Mice
The chemopreventive actions of vitamin D were examined in the N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) mouse model, a progressive model of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SWR/J mice were fed a deficient diet (D) containing no vitamin D3, a sufficient diet (S) containing 2,000 IU/kg vitamin D3, or the same diets in combination with the active metabolite of vitamin D, calcitriol (C; 80 μg/kg, weekly). The percentage (%) of the mucosal surface of large airways occupied by dysplastic lesions was determined in mice after treatment with a total dose of 15 or 25 μmol NTCU (N). After treatment with 15 μmol NTCU, the perc...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Mazzilli, S. A., Hershberger, P. A., Reid, M. E., Bogner, P. N., Atwood, K., Trump, D. L., Johnson, C. S. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Metformin and Breast Intraepithelial Proliferation
Metformin is associated with lower breast cancer risk in epidemiologic studies and showed decreased proliferation in HER2-positive breast cancer in a presurgical trial. To provide insight into its preventive potential, we measured proliferation by Ki-67 labeling index (LI) of intraepithelial lesions surrounding breast cancer. We randomly assigned 200 nondiabetic patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in core biopsies to metformin, 1,700 mg or placebo once daily for 28 days before surgery. Upon surgery, five to seven specimens of cancer adjacent (≤1 cm) and distant (>1 cm) tissue were screened for LCIS, ductal...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: DeCensi, A., Puntoni, M., Guerrieri-Gonzaga, A., Cazzaniga, M., Serrano, D., Lazzeroni, M., Vingiani, A., Gentilini, O., Petrera, M., Viale, G., Cuzick, J., Bonanni, B., Pruneri, G. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Green Tea Catechins and Prostate Cancer
Preclinical, epidemiologic, and prior clinical trial data suggest that green tea catechins (GTC) may reduce prostate cancer risk. We conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of Polyphenon E (PolyE), a proprietary mixture of GTCs, containing 400 mg (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) per day, in 97 men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and/or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). The primary study endpoint was a comparison of the cumulative one-year prostate cancer rates on the two study arms. No differences in the number of prostate cancer cases were observed: 5 of 4...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 4, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Kumar, N. B., Pow-Sang, J., Egan, K. M., Spiess, P. E., Dickinson, S., Salup, R., Helal, M., McLarty, J., Williams, C. R., Schreiber, F., Parnes, H. L., Sebti, S., Kazi, A., Kang, L., Quinn, G., Smith, T., Yue, B., Diaz, K., Chornokur, G., Crocker, T., Sc Tags: Research Articles Source Type: research
Abstract CN12-03: Epigenetic targets of sulforaphane and epigallocatechin gallate in cancer prevention
Interest in cancer epigenetics has arisen from the fact that epigenetic processes affect many aspects of tumor formation and progression. The reversibility of epigenetic changes that may arise in early tumorigenesis is an important aspect of their potential in approaches for cancer prevention. Many of the components of the human diet have bioactive effects that lead to reversal of epigenetic aberrations in cancer. We have found that both (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and sulforaphane (SFN) from cruciferous vegetables are able to down-regulate telomerase in breast cancer cells. This occurs through epi...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Tollefsbol, T., Li, Y. Tags: DNA Methylation/Epigenetics, and Chromatin Regulation: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN12-02: Dietary HDAC inhibitors: Prevention or therapy?
Lysine deacetylase inhibitors, which include inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, are undergoing clinical trials as anticancer agents. Some exhibit resistance mechanisms linked to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 functions, such as BH3-only protein silencing. HDAC inhibitors that reactivate BH3-only family members might offer an improved therapeutic approach. We show here that a novel seleno-α-keto metabolite of the dietary compound methylselenocysteine triggers global histone acetylation in human colon cancer cells and activates apoptosis in a p21-independent manner. Profiling of multiple survival factors identifie...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Dashwood, R. H. Tags: Other Topics in Chemoprevention and Biological Therapies: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN11-03: SIRT3 is a mitochrondial tumor suppressor in breast cancer
It is a well-established scientific observation that mammalian cells contain fidelity or watchdog proteins that maintain the correct function of cellular organelles. Over the past several years, the Sirtuin deacetylase family protein Sirt3 has emerged as a mitochondrial fidelity protein that directs energy generation and regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging proteins. Genetic deletion of these fidelity proteins has been shown to create a cellular environment that is permissive for the development of cellular damage associated with processes such as aging and breast ductal cell carcinogenesis. In this regard, w...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Gius, D. Tags: Oncogenes/Tumor Suppressor Genes: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN11-02: Impact for the menopausal transition on skeletal and breast health
In conclusion, the SWAN study provides important insights into menopausal health.Citation Format: Jane A. Cauley. Impact for the menopausal transition on skeletal and breast health. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr CN11-02. (Source: Cancer Prevention Research)
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Cauley, J. A. Tags: Other Topics in Epidemiology/Lifestyle Factors: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
Abstract CN11-01: The histone deacetylase SIRT6 is a key modulator of cancer metabolism
Efficient glucose metabolism is critical for maintaining cellular viability. Under normal nutrient and oxygen conditions, glucose is converted to pyruvate, entering the mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Under hypoxia or nutrient stress, metabolism is switched to glycolysis, increasing lactate production and reducing mitochondrial respiration, a switch known to play an important role in cancer cells, as defined by Otto Warburg decades ago. Little is known whether chromatin plays a role in carbohydrate flux. Recently, we discovered that the mammalian histone deacetylase SIRT6 is a chromatin facto...
Source: Cancer Prevention Research - October 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Mostoslavky, R. Tags: Other Topics in Cell, Molecular, and Tumor Biology: Oral Presentations - Invited Abstracts Source Type: research
