Holistic Analysis Enhances the Description of Metabolic Complexity in Dietary Natural Products
In the field of food and nutrition, complex natural products (NPs) are typically obtained from cells/tissues of diverse organisms such as plants, mushrooms, and animals. Among them, edible fruits, grains, and vegetables represent most of the human diet. Because of an important dietary dependence, the comprehensive metabolomic analysis of dietary NPs, performed holistically via the assessment of as many metabolites as possible, constitutes a fundamental building block for understanding the human diet. Both mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are important complementary analytic techniques, covering a...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Simmler, C., Kulakowski, D., Lankin, D. C., McAlpine, J. B., Chen, S.-N., Pauli, G. F. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Role of the Small Intestine in Developmental Programming: Impact of Maternal Nutrition on the Dam and Offspring
Small-intestinal growth and function are critical for optimal animal growth and health and play a major role in nutrient digestion and absorption, energy and nutrient expenditure, and immunological competence. During fetal and perinatal development, the small intestine is affected by the maternal environment and nutrient intake. In ruminants, altered small-intestinal mass, villi morphology, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, vascularity, and gene expression have been observed as a result of poor gestational nutrition or intrauterine growth restriction. Although many of these data come from fetal stages, data have also demonstrated ...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Meyer, A. M., Caton, J. S. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
History of Nutrition: The Long Road Leading to the Dietary Reference Intakes for the United States and Canada
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are reference values to guide the planning and assessing of nutrient intakes in the United States and Canada. The DRI framework was conceptualized in 1994, and the first reports were issued from 1997–2004, based on work by expert panels and subcommittees under the guidance of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. Numerous conventions, challenges, and controversies were encountered during the process of defining and setting the DRIs, including the definition of the framework, the use of chronic disease endpoints, lack of data on requirements for children and yo...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Murphy, S. P., Yates, A. A., Atkinson, S. A., Barr, S. I., Dwyer, J. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Sugars and Dental Caries: Evidence for Setting a Recommended Threshold for Intake
Dental caries affects ≤80% of the world’s population with almost a quarter of US adults having untreated caries. Dental caries is costly to health care and negatively affects well-being. Dietary free sugars are the most important risk factor for dental caries. The WHO has issued guidelines that recommend intake of free sugars should provide ≤10% of energy intake and suggest further reductions to <5% of energy to protect dental health throughout life. These recommendations were informed by a systematic review of the evidence pertaining to amount of sugars and dental caries risk, which showed evidence of moder...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Moynihan, P. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Integration to Implementation and the Micronutrient Forum: A Coordinated Approach for Global Nutrition. Case Study Application: Safety and Effectiveness of Iron Interventions
Paramount among the challenges to our ability to address the role of food and nutrition in health promotion and disease prevention is how to design and implement context-specific interventions and guidance. The Integration to Effective Implementation (I-to-I) concept is intended to address the complexities of the global health context through engagement of the continuum of stakeholders involved in the food and nutrition enterprise. The 2014 Micronutrient Forum (MNF) Global Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in June 2014 offered the opportunity to apply the I-to-I approach with the use of current concerns about the s...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Raiten, D. J., Neufeld, L. M., De-Regil, L.-M., Pasricha, S.-R., Darnton-Hill, I., Hurrell, R., Murray-Kolb, L. E., Nair, K. M., Wefwafwa, T., Kupka, R., Phall, M. C., Sakr Ashour, F. A. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Update on NHANES Dietary Data: Focus on Collection, Release, Analytical Considerations, and Uses to Inform Public Policy
NHANES is the cornerstone for national nutrition monitoring to inform nutrition and health policy. Nutritional assessment in NHANES is described with a focus on dietary data collection, analysis, and uses in nutrition monitoring. NHANES has been collecting thorough data on diet, nutritional status, and chronic disease in cross-sectional surveys with nationally representative samples since the early 1970s. Continuous data collection began in 1999 with public data release in 2-y cycles on ~10,000 participants. In 2002, the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the NHANES dietary component were merged, forming ...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Ahluwalia, N., Dwyer, J., Terry, A., Moshfegh, A., Johnson, C. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
A Review of Cutoffs for Nutritional Biomarkers
The nutritional status of an individual or population needs to be assessed through valid and reliable biomarkers. Cutoffs generally have an underlying relation to health status and are one of the important quantitative criteria against which biomarker outputs are compared. For this reason, cutoffs are integral for surveys, surveillance, screening, interventions, monitoring, and evaluation. Despite their importance, nutritional biomarker cutoffs have not been adequately addressed in the literature. Furthermore, the field has not reached a consensus on which cutoff to use for each biomarker, and different cutoffs are often u...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Raghavan, R., Ashour, F. S., Bailey, R. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Human Milk Components Modulate Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Inflammation
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is central to innate immunity. Aberrant expression of TLRs is found in neonatal inflammatory diseases. Several bioactive components of human milk modulate TLR expression and signaling pathways, including soluble toll-like receptors (sTLRs), soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD) 14, glycoproteins, small peptides, and oligosaccharides. Some milk components, such as sialyl (α2,3) lactose and lacto-N-fucopentaose III, are reported to increase TLR signaling; under some circumstances this might contribute toward immunologic balance. Human milk on the whole is strongly anti-inflammatory...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: He, Y., Lawlor, N. T., Newburg, D. S. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Can We Prevent Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases by Dietary Modulation of the Gut Microbiota?
Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers, which are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases are characterized by specific alterations in the human gut microbiota. Experimental studies with gut microbiota transplantations in mice and in humans indicate that a specific gut microbiota composition can be the cause and not just the consequence of the obese state and metabolic disease, which suggests a potential for gut microbiota modulation in prevention and treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases. In addition, dietary...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Brahe, L. K., Astrup, A., Larsen, L. H. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Dietary Patterns and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Hypertension is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease. To lower blood pressure (BP), several lifestyle changes are recommended such as weight loss, exercise, and following a healthy diet. Investigating the effect of single nutrients may have positive results, but food is consumed as part of a whole diet, resulting in nutrient interactions. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of dietary patterns on BP in adults. Studies that were published between January 1999 and June 2014 were retrieved using Scopus, Web of Science, and the MEDLINE da...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Ndanuko, R. N., Tapsell, L. C., Charlton, K. E., Neale, E. P., Batterham, M. J. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity
Obesity is associated with metabolic disturbances that cause tissue stress and dysfunction. Obese individuals are at a greater risk for chronic disease and often present with clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance, and systemic markers of chronic low-grade inflammation. It has been well established that cells of the immune system play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity- and MetS-related chronic diseases, as evidenced by leukocyte activation and dysfunction in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and the vasculature. However, recent findings have highlighted ...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Andersen, C. J., Murphy, K. E., Fernandez, M. L. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Status of Dietary Intake of Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium among Women of Reproductive Age in North India
Conclusion: The study revealed that the majority of women of reproductive age in North India had inadequate dietary intake of Zn, Ca, and Mg. (Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Sofi, N. Y., Kapil, U. Tags: Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactives Source Type: research
Skin-Whitening and Overall Skin Tone-Improving Effects of Oral Supplementation with Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Conclusion: Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation effectively whitens the skin and improves skin health attributes. There were no marked adverse effects. (Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Juturu, V., Khaiat, A., Deshpande, J. Tags: Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactives Source Type: research
Issues in the Assessment of Vitamin D Status for Clinical, Research, and Public Health Purposes
Conclusions: Trends in 25(OH)D assay methods ( Table 1), as well as previous findings regarding the effects of seasonality on apparent 25(OH)D status, call into question the validity and intercomparability of reported health effects of vitamin D as well as the clinical implications of currently used threshold levels for diagnosing and treating vitamin D deficiency. Previous meta-analyses on vitamin D and health outcomes have not taken assay heterogeneity into account. Further, no well-defined and internationally accepted definition of optimal serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D cutoff values currently exists for bone health or a...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Newberry, S. J., Chung, M., Shekelle, P., Booth, M., Liu, J., Maher, A., Motala, A., Cui, M., Perry, T., Shanman, R., Balk, E. Tags: Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactives Source Type: research
Health Effects of 3-Day Fruit and Vegetable Juice Fasting
Conclusions: The 3-d juice cleansing induced persistent weight loss. The juice fast decreased lipid peroxidation and increased NO concentrations, which may improve cardiovascular health. (Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - January 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Henning, S. M., Shao, P., Lu, Q.-Y., Yang, J., Huang, J., Lee, R.-P., Thames, G., Heber, D., Li, Z. Tags: Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactives Source Type: research
