Does Insulin Explain the Relation between Maternal Obesity and Poor Lactation Outcomes? An Overview of the Literature
It is well established that obese women are at increased risk of delayed lactogenesis and short breastfeeding duration, but the underlying causal contributors remain unclear. This review summarizes the literature examining the role of insulin in lactation outcomes. Maternal obesity is a strong risk factor for insulin resistance and prediabetes, but until recently a direct role for insulin in milk production had not been elucidated. Over the past 6 y, studies in both animal models and humans have shown insulin-sensitive gene expression to be dramatically upregulated specifically during the lactation cycle. Insulin is now co...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Circadian Rhythms, Metabolism, and Chrononutrition in Rodents and Humans
Chrononutrition is an emerging discipline that builds on the intimate relation between endogenous circadian (24-h) rhythms and metabolism. Circadian regulation of metabolic function can be observed from the level of intracellular biochemistry to whole-organism physiology and even postprandial responses. Recent work has elucidated the metabolic roles of circadian clocks in key metabolic tissues, including liver, pancreas, white adipose, and skeletal muscle. For example, tissue-specific clock disruption in a single peripheral organ can cause obesity or disruption of whole-organism glucose homeostasis. This review explains me...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Johnston, J. D., Ordovas, J. M., Scheer, F. A., Turek, F. W. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
The Importance of Method Selection in Determining Product Integrity for Nutrition Research
The American Herbal Products Association estimates that there as many as 3000 plant species in commerce. The FDA estimates that there are about 85,000 dietary supplement products in the marketplace. The pace of product innovation far exceeds that of analytical methods development and validation, with new ingredients, matrixes, and combinations resulting in an analytical community that has been unable to keep up. This has led to a lack of validated analytical methods for dietary supplements and to inappropriate method selection where methods do exist. Only after rigorous validation procedures to ensure that methods are fit ...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Mudge, E. M., Betz, J. M., Brown, P. N. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
The Challenge of Reproducibility and Accuracy in Nutrition Research: Resources and Pitfalls
Inconsistent and contradictory results from nutrition studies conducted by different investigators continue to emerge, in part because of the inherent variability of natural products, as well as the unknown and therefore uncontrolled variables in study populations and experimental designs. Given these challenges inherent in nutrition research, it is critical for the progress of the field that researchers strive to minimize variability within studies and enhance comparability between studies by optimizing the characterization, control, and reporting of products, reagents, and model systems used, as well as the rigor and rep...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Sorkin, B. C., Kuszak, A. J., Williamson, J. S., Hopp, D. C., Betz, J. M. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Importance of Accurate Measurements in Nutrition Research: Dietary Flavonoids as a Case Study
Accurate measurements of the secondary metabolites in natural products and plant foods are critical for establishing relations between diet and health. There are as many as 50,000 secondary metabolites that may influence human health. Their structural and chemical diversity presents a challenge to analytical chemistry. With respect to flavonoids, putative identification is accessible, but positive identification and quantification are limited by the lack of standards. Quantification has been tested with use of both nonspecific and specific methods. Nonspecific methods, which include antioxidant capacity methods, fail to pr...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Harnly, J. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Postprandial Metabolism of Macronutrients and Cardiometabolic Risk: Recent Developments, Emerging Concepts, and Future Directions
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Although the role of habitual lifestyle factors such as physical activity and dietary patterns in increasing CVD risk has long been appreciated, less is known about how acute daily activities may cumulatively contribute to long-term disease risk. Here, the term acute refers to metabolic responses occurring in a short period of time after eating, and the goal of this article is to review recently identified stressors that can occur after meals and during the sleep-wake cycle to affect macronutrient metabolism. It is hypothesized that these even...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Jacome-Sosa, M., Parks, E. J., Bruno, R. S., Tasali, E., Lewis, G. F., Schneeman, B. O., Rains, T. M. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Early Child Development and Nutrition: A Review of the Benefits and Challenges of Implementing Integrated Interventions
Poor nutrition (substandard diet quantity and/or quality resulting in under- or overnutrition) and the lack of early learning opportunities contribute to the loss of developmental potential and life-long health and economic disparities among millions of children aged <5 y. Single-sector interventions representing either early child development (ECD) or nutrition have been linked to positive child development and/or nutritional status, and recommendations currently advocate for the development and testing of integrated interventions. We reviewed the theoretical and practical benefits and challenges of implementing integr...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hurley, K. M., Yousafzai, A. K., Lopez-Boo, F. Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Overview of the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) Project
This article provides an overview of the BRINDA project and describes key research questions and programmatic and research implications. Findings from this project will inform global guidelines on the assessment of anemia and micronutrient status and will guide the development of a research agenda for future longitudinal studies. (Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Suchdev, P. S., Namaste, S. M., Aaron, G. J., Raiten, D. J., Brown, K. H., Flores-Ayala, R., on behalf of the BRINDA Working Group Tags: Reviews from ASN EB 2015 Symposia Source Type: research
Culinary Spice Plants in Dietary Supplement Products and Tested in Clinical Trials
Dried plant parts used as culinary spices (CSs) in food are permitted as dietary ingredients in dietary supplements (DSs) within certain constraints in the United States. We reviewed the amounts, forms, and nutritional support (structure/function) claims of DSs that contain CS plants listed in the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) and compared this label information with trial doses and health endpoints for CS plants that were the subject of clinical trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov. According to the DSLD, the CS plants occurring most frequently in DSs were cayenne, cinnamon, garlic, ginger, pepper, rosemary, and...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Saldanha, L. G., Dwyer, J. T., Betz, J. M. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Endogenous Synthesis of Amino Acids Limits Growth, Lactation, and Reproduction in Animals
Amino acids (AAs) are building blocks of protein. Eight AAs (Ala, Asn, Asp, Glu, Gln, Gly, Pro, and Ser) are formed by all animals, whereas de novo synthesis of Arg occurs in a species-specific manner in most mammals (e.g., humans, pigs, and rats). Synthesizable AAs were traditionally classified as nutritionally nonessential for animals, because they were thought to be formed in sufficient amounts. However, this assumption is not supported by evidence showing that 1) rats grow slowly when their diets do not contain Arg, Glu, or Gln despite adequate provision of all other proteinogenous AAs; 2) pigs cannot achieve maximum g...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hou, Y., Yao, K., Yin, Y., Wu, G. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Building a Beneficial Microbiome from Birth
We describe the gut microbiota structure and function during early life and the factors that determine its composition and hypothesize about the effects of human milk oligosaccharides and other prebiotic fibers on the neonatal microbiota. (Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Castanys-Munoz, E., Martin, M. J., Vazquez, E. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Systematic Review of the Methodological Quality of Studies Aimed at Creating Gestational Weight Gain Charts
A range of adverse outcomes is associated with insufficient and excessive maternal weight gain in pregnancy, but there is no consensus regarding what constitutes optimal gestational weight gain (GWG). Differences in the methodological quality of GWG studies may explain the varying chart recommendations. The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the methodological quality of studies that aimed to create GWG charts by scoring them against a set of predefined, independently agreed-upon criteria. These criteria were divided into 3 domains: study design (12 criteria), statistical methods (7 criteria), and reporting met...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Ohadike, C. O., Cheikh-Ismail, L., Ohuma, E. O., Giuliani, F., Bishop, D., Kac, G., Puglia, F., Maia-Schlüssel, M., Kennedy, S. H., Villar, J., Hirst, J. E. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
PUFAs, Bone Mineral Density, and Fragility Fracture: Findings from Human Studies
Osteoporosis is a global health problem that leads to an increased incidence of fragility fracture. Recent dietary patterns of Western populations include higher than recommended intakes of n–6 (-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) relative to n–3 (-3) PUFAs that may result in a chronic state of sterile whole body inflammation. Findings from human bone cell culture experiments have revealed both benefits and detriments to bone-related outcomes depending on the quantity and source of PUFAs. Findings from observational and randomized controlled trials suggest that higher fatty fish intake is strongly linked wi...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Longo, A. B., Ward, W. E. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Genetic Variation in Human Vitamin C Transporter Genes in Common Complex Diseases
Adequate plasma, cellular, and tissue vitamin C concentrations are required for maintaining optimal health through suppression of oxidative stress and optimizing functions of certain enzymes that require vitamin C as a cofactor. Polymorphisms in the vitamin C transporter genes, compromising genes encoding sodium-dependent ascorbate transport proteins, and also genes encoding facilitative transporters of dehydroascorbic acid, are associated with plasma and tissue cellular ascorbate status and hence cellular redox balance. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the links between variations in vitamin C transporter g...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Shaghaghi, M. A., Kloss, O., Eck, P. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Comparison of Formulas Based on Lipid Emulsions of Olive Oil, Soybean Oil, or Several Oils for Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Many studies have reported that olive oil–based lipid emulsion (LE) formulas of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF) may be a viable alternative for parenteral nutrition. However, some randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have raised concerns regarding the nutritional benefits and safety of SMOFs. We searched principally the MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to March 2014 for the relevant literature and conducted a meta-analysis of 15 selected RCTs tha...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - March 15, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Dai, Y.-J., Sun, L.-L., Li, M.-Y., Ding, C.-L., Su, Y.-C., Sun, L.-J., Xue, S.-H., Yan, F., Zhao, C.-H., Wang, W. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
