Genetics of Amino Acid Taste and Appetite
The consumption of amino acids by animals is controlled by both oral and postoral mechanisms. We used a genetic approach to investigate these mechanisms. Our studies have shown that inbred mouse strains differ in voluntary amino acid consumption, and these differences depend on sensory and nutritive properties of amino acids. Like humans, mice perceive some amino acids as having a sweet (sucrose-like) taste and others as having an umami (glutamate-like) taste. Mouse strain differences in the consumption of some sweet-tasting amino acids (d-phenylalanine, d-tryptophan, and l-proline) are associated with polymorphisms of a t...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Bachmanov, A. A., Bosak, N. P., Glendinning, J. I., Inoue, M., Li, X., Manita, S., McCaughey, S. A., Murata, Y., Reed, D. R., Tordoff, M. G., Beauchamp, G. K. Tags: Supplement-Frontiers in Amino Acid Research Source Type: research
Leucine Metabolism in T Cell Activation: mTOR Signaling and Beyond
In connection with the increasing interest in metabolic regulation of the immune response, this review discusses current advances in understanding the role of leucine and leucine metabolism in T lymphocyte (T cell) activation. T cell activation during the development of an immune response depends on metabolic reprogramming to ensure that sufficient nutrients and energy are taken up by the highly proliferating T cells. Leucine has been described as an important essential amino acid and a nutrient signal that activates complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1), which is a critical regulator of T cell proliferat...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Ananieva, E. A., Powell, J. D., Hutson, S. M. Tags: Supplement-Frontiers in Amino Acid Research Source Type: research
The Role of Circulating Amino Acids in the Hypothalamic Regulation of Liver Glucose Metabolism
A pandemic of diabetes and obesity has been developing worldwide in close association with excessive nutrient intake and a sedentary lifestyle. Variations in the protein content of the diet have a direct impact on glucose homeostasis because amino acids (AAs) are powerful modulators of insulin action. In this work we review our recent findings on how elevations in the concentration of the circulating AAs leucine and proline activate a metabolic mechanism located in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the brain that sends a signal to the liver via the vagus nerve, which curtails glucose output. This neurogenic signal is strictly...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Arrieta-Cruz, I., Gutierrez-Juarez, R. Tags: Supplement-Frontiers in Amino Acid Research Source Type: research
Influence of Amino Acid Metabolism on Embryonic Stem Cell Function and Differentiation
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have promise in regenerative medicine because of their ability to differentiate into all 3 primary germ layers. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of the link between the metabolism of ESCs/iPSCs and their maintenance/differentiation in the cell culture setting, with particular emphasis on amino acid (AA) metabolism. ESCs are endowed with unique metabolic features with regard to energy consumption, metabolite flux through particular pathways, and macromolecular synthesis. Therefore, nutrient availability has a strong influence on...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Kilberg, M. S., Terada, N., Shan, J. Tags: Supplement-Frontiers in Amino Acid Research Source Type: research
Stress Response and Adaptation Mediated by Amino Acid Misincorporation during Protein Synthesis
Translation of genetic information into functional proteins is critical for all cellular life. Accurate protein synthesis relies on proper aminoacylation of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and decoding of mRNAs by the ribosome with the use of aminoacyl-tRNAs. Mistranslation can lead to pathologic consequences. All cells contain elaborate quality control mechanisms in translation, although translational fidelity may be regulated by various factors such as nutrient limitation or reactive oxygen species. Translation fidelity is maintained via the accuracy of tRNA aminoacylation by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and matching of the mRNA...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Wang, X., Pan, T. Tags: Supplement-Frontiers in Amino Acid Research Source Type: research
Title page and TOC
(Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Tags: Supplement-Frontiers in Amino Acid Research Source Type: research
Impact of Cranberries on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Health: Proceedings of the Cranberry Health Research Conference 2015
Recent advances in cranberry research have expanded the evidence for the role of this Vaccinium berry fruit in modulating gut microbiota function and cardiometabolic risk factors. The A-type structure of cranberry proanthocyanidins seems to be responsible for much of this fruit’s efficacy as a natural antimicrobial. Cranberry proanthocyanidins interfere with colonization of the gut by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in vitro and attenuate gut barrier dysfunction caused by dietary insults in vivo. Furthermore, new studies indicate synergy between these proanthocyanidins, other cranberry components such as ...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Blumberg, J. B., Basu, A., Krueger, C. G., Lila, M. A., Neto, C. C., Novotny, J. A., Reed, J. D., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Toner, C. D. Tags: Supplement-Proceedings of the Cranberry Health Research Conference 2015: Recent Advances on the Impact of Cranberries on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Health Source Type: research
Title page and TOC
(Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Tags: Supplement-Proceedings of the Cranberry Health Research Conference 2015: Recent Advances on the Impact of Cranberries on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Health Source Type: research
Comment on "Perspective: A Critical Look at the Ancillary Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2: Nutrition and Cognitive Function Results in Older Individuals with Age-Related Macular Degeneration"
(Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Scott, T. M. Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research
Creating the Future of Evidence-Based Nutrition Recommendations: Case Studies from Lipid Research
Strategic translational research is designed to address research gaps that answer specific guidance questions. It provides translational value with respect to nutrition guidance and regulatory and public policy. The relevance and the quality of evidence both matter in translational research. For example, design decisions regarding population, intervention, comparator, and outcome criteria affect whether or not high-quality studies are considered relevant to specific guidance questions and are therefore included as evidence within the context of systematic review frameworks used by authoritative food and health organization...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Dwyer, J. T., Rubin, K. H., Fritsche, K. L., Psota, T. L., Liska, D. J., Harris, W. S., Montain, S. J., Lyle, B. J. Tags: Review from ASN EB 2015 Symposium Source Type: research
Metallothionein and Zinc Transporter Expression in Circulating Human Blood Cells as Biomarkers of Zinc Status: a Systematic Review
In conclusion, current evidence indicates that metallothionein in leukocyte subtypes may be a component in determining zinc status. (Source: Advances in Nutrition)
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hennigar, S. R., Kelley, A. M., McClung, J. P. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Pentadecanoic and Heptadecanoic Acids: Multifaceted Odd-Chain Fatty Acids
The odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0), which account for only a small proportion of total saturated fatty acids in milk fat and ruminant meat, are accepted biomarkers of dairy fat intake. However, they can also be synthesized endogenously, for example, from gut-derived propionic acid (3:0). A number of studies have shown an inverse association between OCFA concentrations in human plasma phospholipids or RBCs and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We propose a possible involvement in metabolic regulation from the assumption that there is a link between 15:...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Pfeuffer, M., Jaudszus, A. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
The Increasing Use of Interesterified Lipids in the Food Supply and Their Effects on Health Parameters
A variety of modified fats that provide different functionalities are used in processed foods to optimize product characteristics and nutrient composition. Partial hydrogenation results in the formation of trans FAs (TFAs) and was one of the most widely used modification processes of fats and oils. However, the negative effects of commercially produced TFAs on serum lipoproteins and risk for cardiovascular disease resulted in the Institute of Medicine and the 2010 US Dietary Guidelines for Americans both recommending that TFA intake be as low as possible. After its tentative 2013 determination that use of partially hydroge...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Mensink, R. P., Sanders, T. A., Baer, D. J., Hayes, K., Howles, P. N., Marangoni, A. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Resveratrol: How Much Wine Do You Have to Drink to Stay Healthy?
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene endowed with multiple health-promoting effects. It is produced by certain plants including several dietary sources such as grapes, apples, raspberries, blueberries, plums, peanuts, and products derived therefrom (e.g., wine). Resveratrol can be isolated and purified from these biological sources or synthesized in a few steps with an overall high yield. This compound and its glucoside, the trans-polydatin piceid, have received worldwide attention for their beneficial effects on cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and age-related diseases. These health-pro...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Weiskirchen, S., Weiskirchen, R. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
Could Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Reduce Rates of Cancer in Obese, Overweight, and Normal-Weight Subjects? A Summary of Evidence
Animal studies and human observational data link energy restriction (ER) to reduced rates of carcinogenesis. Most of these studies have involved continuous energy restriction (CER), but there is increasing public and scientific interest in the potential health and anticancer effects of intermittent energy restriction (IER) or intermittent fasting (IF), which comprise periods of marked ER or total fasting interspersed with periods of normal eating. This review summarizes animal studies that assessed tumor rates with IER and IF compared with CER or ad libitum feed consumption. The relevance of these animal data to human canc...
Source: Advances in Nutrition - July 14, 2016 Category: Nutrition Authors: Harvie, M. N., Howell, T. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research
