The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Left Ventricular Morphology of the Giraffe Heart Examined by Stereological Methods
ABSTRACT The giraffe heart has a relative mass similar to other mammals, but generates twice the blood pressure to overcome the gravitational challenge of perfusing the cerebral circulation. To provide insight as to how the giraffe left ventricle (LV) is structurally adapted to tackle such a high afterload, we performed a quantitative structural study of the LV myocardium in young and adult giraffe hearts. Tissue samples were collected from young and adult giraffe LV. Design‐based stereology was used to obtain unbiased estimates of numbers and sizes of cardiomyocytes, nuclei and capillaries. The numerical density of myoc...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 19, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Kristine H. Østergaard, Ulrik T. Baandrup, Tobias Wang, Mads F. Bertelsen, Johnnie B. Andersen, Morten Smerup, Jens R. Nyengaard Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Nondestructive, Epi‐Illumination Surface Microscopic Characterization of Surface Discontinuity in Bone: A New Approach Offers a Descriptive Vocabulary and New Insights
ABSTRACT Perspectives are in the eye of the beholder and are expanded with increased scrutiny (e.g., magnification). The term “porosity' for macroscopically or radiologically identifiable discontinuity in bone is so variably applied as to be incomprehensible in its meanings. A closer examination of surface discontinuity seems appropriate. Histological and atomic level analysis of bone alterations misses the forest for the trees and the former destroys the very subject it attempts to characterize. Surface discontinuity was therefore evaluated at the three‐dimensional submacroscopic level. An epifluorescent/illumination ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 19, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Bruce M. Rothschild Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Solid Nomenclature: The Bedrock of Science. Similarities and Dissimilarities in Phenomena and Cells of Tooth and Bone Ontogeny
(Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 19, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Markku A. Larmas, George K. Sándor Tags: Commentary Source Type: research

Humeral Cross‐Sectional Shape in Suspensory Primates and Sloths
In this study, cross‐sections at or near midshaft of the humerus were obtained from anthropoid primates that differ in their use of forelimb suspension, as well as from two genera of suspensory sloths. Imax/Imin ratios were compared within and between groups, and correlations were made with behavioral data. In broad comparisons, observed differences in morphology follow predicted patterns. Humeri of suspensory sloths are circular. Humeri of the more suspensory hominoids tend to be more circular than those of quadrupedal taxa. Humeri of the suspensory atelines are similar to hominoids, while those of Cebus are more like n...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Biren A. Patel, Christopher B. Ruff, Erin L.R. Simons, Jason M. Organ Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Comparative Anatomy of Mouse and Human Nail Units
In this study we compare the human and mouse nail unit at the macroscopic and microscopic level and use immunohistochemistry to determine the keratin expression patterns in the mouse nail unit. Both species have a proximal nail fold, cuticle, nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, and hyponychium. Distinguishing features are the shape of the nail and the presence of an extended hyponychium in the mouse. Expression patterns of most keratins are similar. These findings indicate that the mouse nail unit shares major characteristics with the human nail unit and overall represents a very similar structure, useful for the investigat...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Philip Fleckman, Karin Jaeger, Kathleen A. Silva, John P. Sundberg Tags: Skin Biology Source Type: research

Alveolar Epithelial Dynamics in Postpneumonectomy Lung Growth
The intimate anatomic and functional relationship between epithelial cells and endothelial cells within the alveolus suggests the likelihood of a coordinated response during postpneumonectomy lung growth. To define the population dynamics and potential contribution of alveolar epithelial cells to alveolar angiogenesis, we studied alveolar Type II and I cells during the 21 days after pneumonectomy. Alveolar Type II cells were defined and isolated by flow cytometry using a CD45−, MHC class II+, phosphine+ phenotype. These phenotypically defined alveolar Type II cells demonstrated an increase in cell number after pneumonect...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Kenji Chamoto, Barry C. Gibney, Maximilian Ackermann, Grace S. Lee, Moritz A. Konerding, Akira Tsuda, Steven J. Mentzer Tags: Respiratory Biology Source Type: research

Penile Anatomy and Hypotheses of Erectile Function in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis): Muscular Eversion and Elastic Retraction
The intromittent organs of most amniotes contain variable‐volume hydrostatic skeletons that are stored in a flexible state and inflate with fluid before or during copulation. However, the penis in male crocodilians is notable because its shaft does not seem to change either its shape or bending stiffness as blood enters its vascular spaces before copulation. Here I report that crocodilians may have evolved a mechanism for penile shaft erection that does not require inflation and detumescence. Dissections of the cloaca in sexually mature male American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) show that the cross section of ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: D.A. Kelly Tags: Reproductive Biology Source Type: research

At Birth, Tarsiers Lack a Postorbital Bar or Septum
Among primates, partial or complete posterior closure of the orbit has been widely accepted as a shared derived characteristic justifying an exclusive tarsier‐anthropoid clade, while some regard the tarsier lateral orbit as an elaborated postorbital bar (POB). To test these competing hypotheses while minimizing the confounding effect of tarsier orbital hypertrophy, we compared tarsiers and other primates at early (fetal and newborn) ages using dissection, micro‐CT scans and soft tissue histology. Our findings demonstrate unanticipated variation in the anatomy and development of the zygomaticofrontal (ZFA) articulation,...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Timothy D. Smith, Valerie B. Deleon, Alfred L. Rosenberger Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

Frontal Brain Expansion During Development Using MRI and Endocasts: Relation to Microcephaly and Homo floresiensis
A major hall of hominid brain evolution is an expansion of the frontal lobes. To determine if a similar trajectory occurs during modern human development, the MRI scans of 118 living infants, children, and adolescents were reviewed and three specific measurements obtained: frontal width (FW), maximal cerebral width (MW), and maximal cerebral length (ML). The infantile brain is uniformly wide but relatively short, with near equal FW and MW. The juvenile brain exhibits a wider MW than FW, while FW of the adolescent brain expands to nearly equal MW, concurrent with an increase in ML. The preferential frontal lobe expansion du...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Robert C. Vannucci, Todd F. Barron, Ralph L. Holloway Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

The Role of Modularity in the Evolution of Primate Postcanine Dental Formula: Integrating Jaw Space With Patterns of Dentition
The assembly of a phenotype into modules or developmental fields, which are semiautonomous units in development and function, seems to be one of the strategies to increase the capacity to produce phenotypic variation. In mammals the upper dentition is formed on two distinct developmental units, wherein incisors are formed on the primary palate, which is derived from the embryonic frontonasal process, and the other teeth (canine, premolar, and molar) are formed on the alveolar bone, which is derived from the maxillary process (termed herein as PALATE2). The aim of the present work was to analyze the variations in size and n...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Mariana M. Ribeiro, Simone C. Andrade, Ana Paula Souza, Sergio R.P. Line Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Suppression of Chloride Channel 3 Expression Facilitates Sensitivity of Human Glioma U251 Cells to Cisplatin Through Concomitant Inhibition of Akt and Autophagy
In this study, we investigated the role of chloride channel‐3 (ClC‐3) in cisplatin resistance. Autophagy was demonstrated by accumulation of LC3‐II, beclin 1 and Atg12‐Atg5. The ultrastructure changes were observed under electron microscope. Chemical staining with acridine orange or MDC was used to detect acidic vesicular organelles. Quantification of apoptosis was detected by PI and Annexin V staining. The mechanisms involved in the Akt pathway and autophagy were studied by western blot analysis. Our results showed that Akt phosphorylation and autophagy were induced by cisplatin in human glioma U251 cells. Specifi...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Jing Su, Ye Xu, Lei Zhou, Hui‐Mei Yu, Jin‐Song Kang, Ning Liu, Cheng‐Shi Quan, Lian‐Kun Sun Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Brain Atlas of an Emerging Teleostean Model: Nothobranchius furzeri
Nothobranchius furzeri has emerged as a new fish model for neurobiological and age research over recent years, due to the exceptionally short lifespan, age‐dependent cognitive/behavioral decline, expression of age‐related biomarkers. The growing interest in this teleost has raised the need to construct an atlas of the whole brain of N. furzeri. The study has been carried out on adult specimens belonging to the long lived strain, originating from Mozambique and named MZM 04/10. In the atlas, the external features of brain, images of sections stained with luxol fast bleu/violet and schematic drawings of the most represen...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Livia D'angelo Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Trigeminal Nerve Morphology in Alligator mississippiensis and Its Significance for Crocodyliform Facial Sensation and Evolution
Modern crocodylians possess a derived sense of face touch, in which numerous trigeminal nerve‐innervated dome pressure receptors speckle the face and mandible and sense mechanical stimuli. However, the morphological features of this system are not well known, and it remains unclear how the trigeminal system changes during ontogeny and how it scales with other cranial structures. Finally, when this system evolved within crocodyliforms remains a mystery. Thus, new morphological insights into the trigeminal system of extant crocodylians may offer new paleontological tools to investigate this evolutionary transformation. A c...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ian D. George, Casey M. Holliday Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Sequence and Bioinformatic Characterization of Expressed Sequence Tags Originated From Gloydius shedaoensis shedaoensis Venom Gland
First, a cDNA library from Gloydius shedaoensis shedaoensis venom gland (GSSG) was constructed using SMART technique. The total RNA in a pair of GSSGs was separated and the mRNA was further isolated from it. The first‐strand cDNA was synthesized through PowerScript™ reverse transcriptase by a CDS III/3′ PCR primer. A SMART IV™‐oligonucleotide was used as the template for the synthesis of double‐strand cDNA and amplified by long‐distance polymerase chain reaction (LD‐PCR). LD‐PCR product was purified, digested, fractionated, and finally ligated to pDNR‐LIB vector. The recombinant DNA was transformed into...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Guo Chunmei, Liu Shuqing, Sun Ming‐Zhong Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Adenovirus‐mediated Interferon‐γ Gene Therapy Induced Human Pancreatic Carcinoma Capan‐2 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo
In this study, we examined the potential therapeutic effects of an adenovirus encoding human interferon gamma (Ad‐IFNγ) on pancreatic carcinoma cells Capan‐2 in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that Ad‐IFNγ could significantly inhibit tumor cell growth via inducing cell apoptosis. After infection, IFNγ expressed durably and stably in xenografts, predominantly in tumor tissue, while much less in blood and liver. Thus, adenovirus‐mediated intratumoral injection of human IFNγ gene could be an effective gene therapeutic system for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma. Anat Rec, 00:000–000, 2013. © 2013 ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - February 9, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Fa‐Jun Xie, Peng Zhao, Yi‐Ping Zhang, Fei‐Ye Liu, Xi‐Lin Nie, Ying‐Hui Zhu, Xin‐Min Yu, Qiu‐Qing Zheng, Wei‐Min Mao, Hong‐Yang Lu, Hong Wei, WenLin Huang Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research