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Dens Invaginatus in Ancient Chinese Teeth of 2,000 Years Ago
ABSTRACT Dens invaginatus (DI) is a developmental anomaly of teeth. Here we observed the characteristics of DI in 517 permanent teeth from 67 ancient Chinese people using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scanning techniques. The individuals were excavated from Shaanxi province of China and identified to be about 2,000 years old. Four DI categories are proposed to distinguish the different types of DI. The invaginated lingual fossa is classified into three classes. The overall prevalence of DI in 67 individuals was 31.34% (21 of 67). DI was found in 25 of 517 teeth (4.83%). All affected teeth were maxillary lateral ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - July 16, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Sasa Shi, Xiaohong Duan, Jinling Shao, Qingbo Duan, Shaobin Peng Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Hyperostosis in Three Fish Species Collected From the Sea of Oman
ABSTRACT Hyperostotic conditions are described in three teleost fishes. Pomadasys stridens, (Haemulidae; 326 mm TL, 314 mm SL), Drepane longimana (Drepanidae; 450 mm, TL, 440 mm SL), and Platax teira (Ephippidae) captured off the coast of Muscat City. There are regions of hyperostosis in four bones in P. stridens, three in D. longimana and seven in P. teira. Size, shape, position, and species‐specific characteristics showed wide variation in these three species. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - July 13, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Laith A. Jawad Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

The Continuously Growing Central Nervous System of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)
ABSTRACT It is a central assumption that larger bodies require larger brains, across species but also possibly within species with continuous growth throughout the lifetime, such as the crocodile. The current study investigates the relationships between body growth (length and mass) and the rates of growth of various subdivisions of the central nervous system (CNS) (brain, spinal cord, eyes) in Nile crocodiles weighing between 90 g and 90 kg. Although the brain appears to grow in two phases in relation to body mass, initially very rapidly then very slowly, it turns out that brain mass increases continuously as a power func...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - July 1, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ayanda Ngwenya, Nina Patzke, Muhammad A. Spocter, Jean‐Leigh Kruger, Leigh‐Anne Dell, Richard Chawana, Pedzisai Mazengenya, Brendon K. Billings, Olatunbosun Olaleye, Suzana Herculano‐Houzel, Paul R. Manger Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa
In this study, we developed an isotropic uniform random sampling method to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic changes and applied it on proximal ascending colon in monkeys. Colonic tissue and peripheral blood specimens were collected from six MC and six control juvenile macaques at necropsy. Uniform random samples were collected from the colon using punch biopsy tools. The volume of epithelium and lamina propria were estimated in thick (25 µm) sections using point probes and normalized to the area of muscularis mucosae. Our data suggests a significant increase of the Vs of the lamina propria (1.9‐fold, P = 0.02) and e...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 19, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Amir Ardeshir, Karen L. Oslund, Frank Ventimiglia, Joann Yee, Nicholas W. Lerche, Dallas M. Hyde Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Quantitative examination of the bottlenose dolphin cerebellum
This study is part of a continuing effort toward providing explicit descriptions of cetacean neuroanatomy to support the interpretation of behavioral studies on cetacean cognition. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 17, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Alicia Hanson, William Grisham, Colleen Sheh, Jacopo Annese, Sam Ridgway Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Cellular Neuroinflammation in a Lateral Forceps Compression Model of Spinal Cord Injury
ABSTRACT Postinjury inflammation has been implicated in secondary degeneration following injury to the spinal cord. The cellular inflammatory response to injury has not been described in the lateral compression injury model, although various types of compression injuries account for ∼20% of human spinal cord injuries (SCI). Here, we used forceps to induce a moderate compression injury to the thoracic spinal cord of female Sprague‐Dawley rats. We evaluated innate and adaptive components of the inflammatory response at various times postinjury using immunohistochemical techniques. We show that components of innate immuni...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 17, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Chloe N. Vaughn, Julia L. Iafrate, Jessica B. Henley, Edward K. Stevenson, Igor G. Shlifer, T. Bucky Jones Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

The Superficial Glia Limitans of Mouse and Monkey Brain and Spinal Cord
ABSTRACT Using the double immunostaining method, the glia limitans on the surfaces of mouse and monkey brain and spinal cord were studied systematically. The results showed that the superficial glia limitans of mouse brain and spinal cord comprise a layer of surface astrocytes, while the glia limitans of monkey comprise a layer of foot‐plates from marginal regions as described in histology and neuroscience textbooks. These surface astrocytes first appear at embryonic day (E)16 in spinal cord and at E17 on the ventral surface of the brain. At postnatal day (P)1, a layer of astrocytes covered the outermost regions of the s...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 14, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Xiaofeng Liu, Zhaohuan Zhang, Wei Guo, Geoffrey Burnstock, Cheng He, Zhenghua Xiang Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

AR Highlights, February 2013
(Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 8, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ellen C. Jensen Tags: Commentary Source Type: research

Postnatal Mandibular Cheek Tooth Development in the Miniature Pig Based on Two‐Dimensional and Three‐Dimensional X‐Ray Analyses
ABSTRACT The miniature pig is a useful large laboratory animal model. Various tissues and organs of miniature pigs are similar to those of humans in terms of developmental, anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics. The oral and maxillofacial region of miniature pigs is often used in preclinical studies of regenerative dentistry. However, there is limited information on the dentition and tooth structure of miniature pigs. The purpose of this study was to examine the time‐course changes of dentition and tooth structure (especially the root) of the miniature pig mandibular cheek teeth through X‐ray ana...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 8, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Yoshiaki Ide, Taka Nakahara, Masanori Nasu, Satoru Matsunaga, Takehiro Iwanaga, Noriko Tominaga, Yuichi Tamaki Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Comparative and Quantitative Myology of the Forearm and Hand of Prosimian Primates
ABSTRACT Associations between the relative development of muscles of the forearm and hand of prosimian primates and locomotor behavior, body size, and grasping specializations have been made on the basis of qualitative observations. These associations are here tested through comparative and quantitative analyses of muscle mass data for a broad sample of prosimian species (i.e., strepsirrhines and tarsiers). The musculature of the forearm and hand of 17 fresh‐frozen specimens representing six families and 12 species was dissected and weighed. Muscle weights were scaled relative to body mass of individual specimens using r...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 6, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Akua Gyambibi, Pierre Lemelin Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

The Angiogenic Peptide Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling is Up‐Regulated in a Rat Pressure Ulcer Model
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in pressure ulcers, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which VEGF and bFGF are involved in pressure ulcer formation. A rat model of ischemia‐reperfusion pressure ulcer was established by magnetic disk circulating compression method. Real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot assays were conducted to detect the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues of rat I‐, II‐, and III‐degree pressure ulcers...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 6, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Jing‐Jin Yang, Xue‐Ling Wang, Bo‐Wen Shi, Fang Huang Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

How Effective Are Geometric Morphometric Techniques for Assessing Functional Shape Variation? An Example From the Great Ape Temporomandibular Joint
ABSTRACT Functional shape analyses have long relied on the use of shape ratios to test biomechanical hypotheses. This method is powerful because of the ease with which results are interpreted, but these techniques fall short in quantifying complex morphologies that may not have a strong biomechanical foundation but may still be functionally informative. In contrast, geometric morphometric methods are continually being adopted for quantifying complex shapes, but they tend to prove inadequate in functional analyses because they have little foundation in an explicit biomechanical framework. The goal of this study was to evalu...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 6, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Claire E. Terhune Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Hyperostosis in Three Fish Species Collected From the Sea of Oman
ABSTRACT Hyperostotic conditions are described in three teleost fishes. Pomadasys stridens, (Haemulidae; 326 mm TL, 314 mm SL), Drepane longimana (Drepanidae; 450 mm, TL, 440 mm SL), and Platax teira (Ephippidae) captured off the coast of Muscat City. There are regions of hyperostosis in four bones in P. stridens, three in D. longimana and seven in P. teira. Size, shape, position, and species‐specific characteristics showed wide variation in these three species. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 1, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Laith A. Jawad Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

Black Bears With Longer Disuse (Hibernation) Periods Have Lower Femoral Osteon Population Density and Greater Mineralization and Intracortical Porosity
ABSTRACT Intracortical bone remodeling is persistent throughout life, leading to age related increases in osteon population density (OPD). Intracortical porosity also increases with age in many mammals including humans, contributing to bone fragility and fracture risk. Unbalanced bone resorption and formation during disuse (e.g., physical inactivity) also increases intracortical porosity. In contrast, hibernating bears are a naturally occurring model for the prevention of both age‐related and disuse osteoporoses. Intracortical bone remodeling is decreased during hibernation, but resorption and formation remain balanced. ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 1, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Samantha J. Wojda, David R. Weyland, Sarah K. Gray, Meghan E. Mcgee‐Lawrence, Thomas D. Drummer, Seth W. Donahue Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Evaluation of Hippocampal Injury and Cognitive Function Induced by Embolization in the Rat Brain
ABSTRACT Embolism is responsible for at least 20% of all stroke and half of cerebral infarctions. A number of animal models have been developed to mimic thromboembolic stroke. However, little aimed directly at hippocampal damage and cognitive function. In the present study, three sizes of emboli (150–178 μm, 74–124 μm, and 48–74 μm) were employed to induce thromboembolic stroke model in rats. Results showed that the diameter of the particle was critical for animal behavioral and histopathological consequences. Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining revealed that CA1 and CA2–3, which are two of the main hippocampal su...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - June 1, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Heng‐Ai Zhang, Mei Gao, Bainian Chen, Lili Shi, Qiaoyun Wang, Xiaoyan Yu, Zhaohong Xuan, Li Gao, Guanhua Du Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research