The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist RSS feedThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Somatotopic Changes in the Nucleus Ambiguus After Section and Regeneration of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve of the Rat
ABSTRACT Changes in motoneurons innervating laryngeal muscles after section and regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are far from being understood. Here, we report the somatotopic changes within the nucleus ambiguus (Amb) after the nerve injury and relates it to the resulting laryngeal fold impairment. The left RLN of each animal was transected and the stumps were glued together using surgical fibrin glue. After several survival periods (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks; at least six rats at each time point) the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were injected with fluorescent‐conjugate...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - January 24, 2014 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ignacio Hernández‐Morato, Gabriel Berdugo‐Vega, Jose R. Sañudo, Stephen Mchanwell, Teresa Vázquez, Francisco J. Valderrama‐Canales, Arán Pascual‐Font Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Comparison of the Structure and Composition of the Branchial Filters in Suspension Feeding Elasmobranchs
ABSTRACT The four, evolutionarily independent, lineages of suspension feeding elasmobranchs have two types of branchial filters. The first is a robust, flattened filter pad akin to a colander (e.g., whale sharks, mantas and devil rays) while the second more closely resembles the comb‐like gill raker structure found in bony fishes (e.g., basking and megamouth sharks). The structure and the presence of mucus on the filter elements will determine the mechanical function of the filter and subsequent particle transport. Using histology and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the anatomy of the branchial filters in 1...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - January 17, 2014 Category: Anatomy Authors: E.W. Misty Paig‐Tran, A.P. Summers Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

The Inferior Olive of the C57BL/6J Mouse: A Chemoarchitectonic Study
ABSTRACT We have used the histochemical and immunohistochemical staining methods and maps of gene expression to analyze the structure of the inferior olive of the C57BL mouse. As in other mammals, the inferior olive of the C57BL mouse contains three major nuclei, the medial nucleus, the principal nucleus, and the dorsal nucleus. The medial nucleus can be divided into a rostral medial nucleus and a more complex caudal part, which is formed by subnuclei C, B, A, the cap of Kooy, and the beta subnucleus. The principal nucleus includes the major principal nucleus and the arcuate subnucleus. Most of the inferior olive neurons a...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - January 17, 2014 Category: Anatomy Authors: You Yu, Yuhong Fu, Charles Watson Tags: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Osteological Histology of the Pan‐Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes): Correlates of Wing‐Propelled Diving and Flightlessness
ABSTRACT Although studies of osteological morphology, gross myology, myological histology, neuroanatomy, and wing‐scaling have all documented anatomical modifications associated with wing‐propelled diving, the osteohistological study of this highly derived method of locomotion has been limited to penguins. Herein we present the first osteohistological study of the derived forelimbs and hind limbs of wing‐propelled diving Pan‐Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes). In addition to detailing differences between wing‐propelled diving charadriiforms and nondiving charadriiforms, microstructural modifications to the humeri, u...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - January 17, 2014 Category: Anatomy Authors: N. Adam Smith, Julia A. Clarke Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

Quantitative Analysis of Orofacial Development and Median Clefts in Xenopus Laevis
In this study we combine traditional facial measurements with geometric morphometrics to describe anatomical changes in the orofacial region during normal and abnormal development. Facial measurements and principal component (PC) analysis indicate that during early tadpole development the face expands primarily in the midface region accounting for the development of the upper jaw and primary palate. The mouth opening correspondingly becomes flatter and wider as it incorporates the jaw elements. A canonical variate analysis of orofacial and mouth opening shape emphasized that changes in the orofacial shape occur gradually. ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - January 17, 2014 Category: Anatomy Authors: Allyson E. Kennedy, Amanda J. Dickinson Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Bronchiolar Remodeling in Adult Mice Following Neonatal Exposure to Hyperoxia: Relation to Growth
ABSTRACT Preterm infants who receive supplemental oxygen for prolonged periods are at increased risk of impaired lung function later in life. This suggests that neonatal hyperoxia induces persistent changes in small conducting airways (bronchioles). Although the effects of neonatal hyperoxia on alveolarization are well documented, little is known about its effects on developing bronchioles. We hypothesized that neonatal hyperoxia would remodel the bronchiolar walls, contributing to altered lung function in adulthood. We studied three groups of mice (C57BL/6J) to postnatal day 56 (P56; adulthood) when they either underwent ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - January 17, 2014 Category: Anatomy Authors: Megan O'Reilly, Philip M. Hansbro, Jay C. Horvat, Emma L. Beckett, Richard Harding, Foula Sozo Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Bone Histology of Phytosaur, Aetosaur, and Other Archosauriform Osteoderms (Eureptilia, Archosauromorpha)
ABSTRACT As in other archosauriforms, phytosaurs and aetosaurs are characterized by the presence of well‐developed osteoderms. Here we provide a comparative study on the microstructure of phytosaur (five taxa) and aetosaur (thirteen taxa) osteoderms. For outgroup comparison, we sampled osteoderms of the sister taxon to Aetosauria, Revueltosaurus callenderi, and the doswelliid Jaxtasuchus salomoni. Phytosaur, aetosaur, and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms are composed of a diploe structure, whereas the Revueltosaurus osteoderm microanatomy is more compact. The external cortex of phytosaurs, Revueltosaurus and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - December 24, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Torsten M. Scheyer, Julia B. Desojo, Ignacio A. Cerda Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Reversing Effect of Sorcin in the Drug Resistance of Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
In this report, we silenced Sorcin in human NPC CNE2/DDP cells, and explored the role of Sorcin in MDR reversal. The results showed an increased cytotoxicity of cisplatin and intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine‐123 and glutathione depletion in Sorcin silencing CNE2/DDP cells. We also found a decreased messenger RNA and protein expression of multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP1), excision repair cross‐complementing gene 1 (ERCC1), glutathione S‐transferase‐π (GST‐n), RhoE, Bcl‐2, and Survivin in Sorcin silencing CNE2/DDP cells. The increased expression of PTEN an...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - December 24, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Xuebing Liu, Lei Chen, Bin Feng, Gang Liu Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Breathing in a box: Constraints on lung ventilation in giant pterosaurs
We present an alternative hypothesis to recent suggestions of an avian‐like mechanism of costosternal pumping as the primary means of aspiration. An analysis of the joints among the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and pectoral girdle of large pterosaurs indicates limited mobility of the ribcage and sternum. Comparisons with modes of lung ventilation in extant amniotes suggests that the stiffened thorax, coupled with mobile gastralia and prepubic bones, may be most consistent with an extracostal mechanism for lung ventilation in large pterodactyloids, perhaps similar to a crocodile‐like visceral displacement system Anat Rec, ...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - December 1, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Nicholas R. Geist, Willem J. Hillenius, Eberhard Frey, Terry D. Jones, Ross A. Elgin Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

First Records of Talon Cusps on Baboon Maxillary Incisors Argue for Standardizing Terminology and Prompt a Hypothesis of Their Formation
ABSTRACT Dental characters can provide vital clues for understanding intra‐ and intertaxonomic morphological variation and its underlying genetic and environmental components. However, the unambiguous identification of particular traits and their comparative study is often confounded by lack of consistent terminology in the relevant literature. This difficulty is exacerbated when the etiologies are not completely understood, as is the case with talon cusps. To date, research on talon cusps has focused on modern humans. In many instances, descriptions of talon cusps appear in clinical case studies focusing on their treatm...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - November 1, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Jason L. Heaton, Travis Rayne Pickering Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

To Move or Not to Move: Cranial Joints in European Gekkotans and Lacertids, an Osteological and Histological Perspective
ABSTRACT Lepidosaurs are frequently described as having highly kinetic skulls, and different forms of cranial kinesis have been described as being characteristic of their radiation. The model of amphikinesis proposed by Frazzetta, J Morphol 1962; 111:287–319, which was long considered a synapomorphy of the large suborder Sauria, is now much debated given its uncertain distribution among the various lizard taxa and the lack of data about its morphological correlates. In this article, we analyze the anatomical correlates of different forms of cranial kinesis, with particular regard to the putative saurian amphikinesis, des...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - October 30, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Marcello Mezzasalma, Nicola Maio, Fabio Maria Guarino Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Comparison of eye morphology and retinal topography in two species of new world vultures (Aves: Cathartidae)
In this study, we compared eye morphology and retinal topography in two species of New World vultures (Cathartidae), turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), with a highly developed olfactory sense, and black vultures (Coragyps atratus), with a less developed sense of olfaction. We found that eye size relative to body mass was the same in both species, but that black vultures have larger corneas relative to eye size than turkey vultures. However, the overall retinal topography, the total number of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer, peak and average cell densities, cell soma area frequency distributions, and the theoretical...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - October 29, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Thomas J. Lisney, Karyn Stecyk, Jeffrey Kolominsky, Gary R. Graves, Douglas R. Wylie, Andrew N. Iwaniuk Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Rib Cartilage Characterization in Patients Affected by Pectus Excavatum
ABSTRACT  Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most frequent anterior chest deformity which may be frequently associated with connective tissue disorders. We performed microscopic analyses to better understand cartilage behavior and obtain clues on its pathogenesis. In 37 PE patients, none with Marfan syndrome, we analyzed costal cartilage by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Control tissue specimens were harvested from four patients without any connective tissue disease. In both control and PE patients, chondrocytes were on the average <15 µm in diameter and occupied <10% of tis...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - October 29, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Francesca Tocchioni, Marco Ghionzoli, Laura Calosi, Daniele Guasti, Paolo Romagnoli, Antonio Messineo Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Mediation of Muscular Control of Rhinarial Motility in Rats by the Nasal Cartilaginous Skeleton
ABSTRACT The rhinarium is the rostral‐most area of the snout that surrounds the nostrils, and is hairless in most mammals. In rodents, it participates in coordinated behaviors, active tactile sensing, and active olfactory sensing. In rats, the rhinarium is firmly connected to the nasal cartilages, and its motility is determined by movements of the rostral end of the nasal cartilaginous skeleton (NCS). Here, we demonstrate the nature of different cartilaginous regions that form the rhinarium and the nasofacial muscles that deform these regions during movements of the NCS. These muscles, together with the dorsal nasal cart...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - October 29, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Sebastian Haidarliu, David Kleinfeld, Ehud Ahissar Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

The Effect and Mechanism of CXCR4 Silencing on Metastasis Suppression of Human Glioma U87 Cell Line
In this study, we found that CXCR4 silencing could suppress U87 cells invasion and adhesion potential, production of TGF‐β1, IL‐6, and IL‐8, and blocked the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. We also found that CXCR4 silencing could up‐regulate the mRNA and protein expression of p53, p21, and E‐cadherin, and down‐regulate the mRNA and protein expression of CD44 and MMP‐2/‐9. Meanwhile, CXCR4 silencing could decrease the phosphorylation of p‐AKT and transcription activity of NF‐κB promoter, and increased the phosphorylation of PTEN. The results provided a new research basis for the further study of CXCR4 g...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist - October 28, 2013 Category: Anatomy Authors: Yu Zhu, Ping Yang, Xuebin Zhang, Ling Zhang, Guiping Cui, Qin Wang, Lixia Lv, Yi Zhang, Xin Xin, Tao Yan, Meng Zhao, Nan Zhang Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research