Seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors: A review
Summary
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an RNA virus with 4 main genotypes. HEV‐1 and HEV‐2 infect solely humans, while HEV‐3 and HEV‐4 infect humans and various animals such as pigs, deer, and rabbits. HEV‐5 and HEV‐6 infect mainly wild boar. Recently, new genotypes, known as HEV‐7 and HEV‐8, were found to infect camels and humans. HEV is globally distributed into different epidemiological patterns based on socioeconomic factors and ecology. Although HEV is mainly transmitted through the fecal‐oral route, it was also recognized as a transfusion‐transmitted virus. Transmission through blood donation was docu...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - July 1, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Duaa W. Al ‐Sadeq, Amin F. Majdalawieh, Gheyath K. Nasrallah Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Basic overview of method validation in the clinical virology laboratory
Summary
Diagnostic virology laboratories are an essential part of the health system and are often relied upon to provide information to clinicians that will inform clinical decision making. It is therefore imperative that diagnostic results produced in the laboratory are reliable. One way of ensuring quality results is by ensuring that all tests are either validated (for tests developed in‐house) or verified (for commercial assays that are FDA‐approved or CE‐labeled). In the diagnostic virology laboratory, these processes can be complex as both qualitative and quantitative measurements for serological and molecular t...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - July 1, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Howard Newman, Jean Maritz Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Issue Information
No abstract is available for this article. (Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - July 1, 2017 Category: Virology Tags: ISSUE INFORMATION Source Type: research
Nature nominee quercetin's anti ‐influenza combat strategy—Demonstrations and remonstrations
Summary
Nature's providences are rather the choicest remedies for human health and welfare. One such is quercetin, which is nature's nominee for cancer cure and recently demonstrated against influenza attack. Quercetin is highly recognized for its anticancer applications. This review emphasizes on yet another gift that this compound has to offer for mankind, which is none other than combating the deadly evasive influenza virus. The chemistry of this natural bioflavonoid and its derivatives and its modus operandi against influenza virus is consolidated into this review. The advancements and achievements made in the anti‐i...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - May 8, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Enkhtaivan Gansukh, Manikandan Muthu, Diby Paul, Gopal Ethiraj, Sechul Chun, Judy Gopal Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Issue Information
No abstract is available for this article. (Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - May 8, 2017 Category: Virology Tags: ISSUE INFORMATION Source Type: research
The human cytomegalovirus nuclear egress complex unites multiple functions: Recruitment of effectors, nuclear envelope rearrangement, and docking to nuclear capsids
ConclusionsCurrent evidence refined the view about herpesviral NECs. Datasets published for HCMV, murine CMV, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein‐Barr virus illustrate the marked functional consistency in the way herpesviruses achieve nuclear egress. However, this compares with only limited sequence conservation of core NEC proteins and a structural conservation restricted to individual domains. The translational use of this information might help to define a novel antiviral strategy on the basis of NEC‐directed small molecules. (Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - May 1, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Manfred Marschall, Yves A. Muller, Benedikt Diewald, Heinrich Sticht, Jens Milbradt Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Is salivary IgA level a potential biomarker for immunosuppression in HIV ‐positive children? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Summary
The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether or not assessment of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels could be a potential biomarker for immunosuppression in HIV‐positive children. The Patient, Exposure, Comparative, Outcome question was “Is sIgA level a potential biomarker for immunosuppression in HIV‐positive children?” Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted in indexed databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS databases) up to and including June 2017. The primary outcome was total mean salivary levels of IgA among HIV seropositive and seron...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - May 1, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Fawad Javed, Zohaib Akram, Munerah Saleh Binshabaib, Shatha Subhi ALHarthi, Sergio Varela Kellesarian, Fahim Vohra Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Orf virus infection
Summary
Orf virus (ORFV) is an important pathogen responsible for a highly contagious zoonotic viral infection that threatens those who handle sheep and goats. Orf virus is the prototype of the Parapoxvirus genus, and its resilience in the environment and ability to reinfect its host has contributed to the spread and maintenance of the infection in many species. In healthy humans, the disease usually resolves spontaneously within 3 to 6 weeks. There is no specific treatment and many different approaches such as use of imiquimod, cidofovir, curettage, shave excision, cryotherapy, and electrocautery have all been reported t...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - May 1, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Christina Bergqvist, Mazen Kurban, Ossama Abbas Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Hepatitis E and pregnancy: current state
Summary
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for more than 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases in endemic countries. Approximately 2 billion individuals live in hepatitis E–endemic areas and, therefore, are at risk of infection. According to World Health Organization, HEV causes about 20.1 million infections and 70 000 deaths every year. In developing countries with poor sanitation, this disease is transmitted through contaminated water and is associated with large outbreaks, affecting hundreds or thousands of people. In developed countries, autochthonous cases of HEV have been increasingly recognized in the past sev...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - March 19, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Mar ía Teresa Pérez‐Gracia, Beatriz Suay‐García, María Luisa Mateos‐Lindemann Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Roles of SAMHD1 in antiviral defense, autoimmunity and cancer
Summary
The enzyme, sterile α motif and histidine‐aspartic acid domain–containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) diminishes infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) by hydrolyzing intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in myeloid cells and resting CD4+ T cells. This dNTP degradation reduces the dNTP concentration to a level insufficient for viral cDNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting retroviral replication. This antiviral enzymatic activity can be inhibited by viral protein X (Vpx). The HIV‐2/SIV Vpx causes degradation of SAMHD1, thus interfering with the SAMHD1‐mediated restriction of retroviral r...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - March 1, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Miaomiao Li, Dong Zhang, Mengying Zhu, Yuxian Shen, Wei Wei, Songcheng Ying, Heinrich Korner, Jun Li Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Virology in a “post‐truth” world
(Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - February 28, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: P. D. Griffiths Tags: EDITORIAL Source Type: research
Polyomavirus microRNAs circulating in biological fluids during viral persistence
Summary
Increasing evidence suggests that microRNA‐mediated gene silencing, detected during exosome intercellular communication between cells, may be exploited by persistent human viruses. Recently, it has been reported that human polyomaviruses encode microRNAs that downregulate large T expression and target host factors, helping the virus to escape immune elimination. Consequently, viral microRNAs and their genetic variability may have roles in the induction of polyomavirus reactivation, the success of persistence or replication and the development of diseases. In vitro experiments have detected polyomavirus JC (JCPyV)...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - February 28, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Francesco Martelli, Simone Giannecchini Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency
Summary
Norovirus is acknowledged to be a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and its importance as a cause of chronic infection in immune deficient hosts is increasingly recognised. Current evidence suggests that a coordinated response of innate immune mechanisms, CD8+ cytotoxicity and a humoral response, with CD4+ orchestration, is necessary for norovirus clearance. We explain how primary immune deficiency impairs these host defences and predisposes to chronic infection, associated with protracted diarrhoea, weight loss, and requirement for parenteral nutrition. The mucosal villous atrophy frequently seen i...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - February 28, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Li ‐An K. Brown, Ian Clark, Julianne R. Brown, Judith Breuer, David M. Lowe Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research
Issue Information
No abstract is available for this article. (Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - February 28, 2017 Category: Virology Tags: ISSUE INFORMATION Source Type: research
