Links between recognition and degradation of cytoplasmic viral RNA in innate immune response
Summary
Recognition and degradation of viral RNA are essential for antiviral innate immune responses. Cytoplasmic viral RNA is recognized by retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptors, which trigger type I interferon (IFN) production. Secreted type I IFN activates ubiquitously expressed type I IFN receptor and induces IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs). To suppress viral replication, several nucleases degrade viral RNA. RNase L is an ISG with endonuclease activity that degrades viral RNA, producing small RNA that activates RIG‐I, resulting in the amplification of type I IFN production. Moreover, recent studie...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - November 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Hiroyuki Oshiumi, Edin J. Mifsud, Takuji Daito Tags: Review Source Type: research
Wild type HBx and truncated HBx: Pleiotropic regulators driving sequential genetic and epigenetic steps of hepatocarcinogenesis and progression of HBV‐associated neoplasms
Summary
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causative agents of hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis are complex. One of the host factors involved is apparently the long‐lasting inflammatory reaction which accompanies chronic HBV infection. Although HBV lacks a typical viral oncogene, the HBx gene encoding a pleiotropic regulatory protein emerged as a major player in liver carcinogenesis. Here we review the tumorigenic functions of HBx with an emphasis on wild type and truncated HBx variants, and their role in the transcriptional dysregulation and epigenetic reprogramming of the host cell...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - November 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Hans Helmut Niller, Eva Ay, Ferenc Banati, Anett Demcsák, Maria Takacs, Janos Minarovits Tags: Review Source Type: research
Cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: recent insights into an age old problem
Summary
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection remains a major cause of morbidity in patient populations. In certain clinical settings, it is the reactivation of the pre‐existing latent infection in the host that poses the health risk. The prevailing view of HCMV latency was that the virus was essentially quiescent in myeloid progenitor cells and that terminal differentiation resulted in the initiation of the lytic lifecycle and reactivation of infectious virus. However, our understanding of HCMV latency and reactivation at the molecular level has been greatly enhanced through recent advancements in systems biology appro...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - November 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Liane Dupont, Matthew B. Reeves Tags: Review Source Type: research
Calendar of International Meetings
(Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 15, 2015 Category: Virology Tags: Calendar Source Type: research
Issue Information
No abstract is available for this article. (Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 15, 2015 Category: Virology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research
Ebola virus: an introduction and its pathology
Summary
The Ebola viruses are causative agent of a severe Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) in human and other primates. Transmission of EVD occurs through the contact of body fluids from infected persons or animals, making it one of the most epidemic diseases worldwide. Underestimating the Ebola virus has cost loss of precious human lives in recent years. Ebola virus outbreak in year 2014 created a history, affecting a larger population in a wide geographical region of African sub‐continent. EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 70%. Ebola viruses are endemic in regions of Africa. Ebo...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Gurpreet Singh, Arbind Kumar, Kashmir Singh, Jagdeep Kaur Tags: Review Source Type: research
Viral O‐GalNAc peptide epitopes: a novel potential target in viral envelope glycoproteins
In conclusion, the viral O‐glycosyl peptide epitopes may be of relevance for development of subunit vaccines and for improved serodiagnosis of viral diseases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Sigvard Olofsson, Ola Blixt, Tomas Bergström, Martin Frank, Hans H. Wandall Tags: Review Source Type: research
Resveratrol, sirtuins, and viruses
Summary
Resveratrol is a natural phenolic product found in some plants in response to stress and has been linked to the many health benefits of red wine. Over the past several decades, a great deal of research has identified diverse biological roles associated with resveratrol, including anti‐oxidant, anti‐proliferation, anti‐inflammation, anti‐cancer, anti‐fungal, and antiviral activities. Such biological activities of resveratrol are likely mediated through multiple cellular targets or pathways, such as sirtuins, a family of NAD+‐dependent deacetylases. In this treatise, the literatures focusing on the roles ...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Tao Yang, Shugang Li, Xuming Zhang, Xiaowu Pang, Qinlu Lin, Jianzhong Cao Tags: Review Source Type: research
Molecular pathogenesis of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza: the role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif
Summary
The emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza has caused a heavy socio‐economic burden through culling of poultry to minimise human and livestock infection. Although human infections with H5N1 have to date been limited, concerns for the pandemic potential of this zoonotic virus have been greatly intensified following experimental evidence of aerosol transmission of H5N1 viruses in a mammalian infection model. In this review, we discuss the dominance of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif as a pathogenicity determinant, the host‐pathogen molecular interactions driving cleavage activation, reverse ge...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Jasmina M. Luczo, John Stambas, Peter A. Durr, Wojtek P. Michalski, John Bingham Tags: Review Source Type: research
Intracontinental and intercontinental dissemination of Asian H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in the winter of 2014–2015
Summary
Asian H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) that possess the clade 2.3.4.4 HA gene have been identified in wild birds and poultry since late 2014 in both Europe and North America (N. America). Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs of the H5N8 subtype have been isolated in both regions, whereas reassortment viruses with NA N1 and N2 subtypes of the North American (N. American). avian lineage have only been identified in N. America. The HA genes of those isolates were closely related to genes of the HPAIVs that have caused massive outbreaks in poultry in Korea since January 2014. The outbreaks caused by those virus...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Takehiko Saito, Taichiro Tanikawa, Yuko Uchida, Nobuhiro Takemae, Katsushi Kanehira, Ryota Tsunekuni Tags: Review Source Type: research
Toward antiviral therapy/prophylaxis for rhinovirus‐induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: challenges, opportunities, and strategies
Summary
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a life‐threatening lung illness characterized by persistent and progressive airflow limitation. Exacerbations of COPD contribute to the severity of this pathology and accelerate disease progression. To date, pharmacological treatment of both stable COPD patients and patients experiencing exacerbations is mainly symptomatic with bronchodilators and steroids as the mainstay of therapy. Bacteria trigger such exacerbations in a number of cases; hence, antibiotics might be included in the treatment as well. Several respiratory viruses are frequently detected in sputum fr...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - September 1, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Hendrik Jan Thibaut, Céline Lacroix, Armando M. De Palma, David Franco, Mark Decramer, Johan Neyts Tags: Review Source Type: research
Protein/peptide‐based entry/fusion inhibitors as anti‐HIV therapies: challenges and future direction
Summary
The failures of several first‐generation and second‐generation small molecule drug‐based anti‐HIV therapies in various stages of clinical trials are an indication that there is a need for a paradigm shift in the future designs of anti‐HIV therapeutics. Over the past several decades, various anti‐HIV drugs have been developed, among them, protein/peptide‐based therapies. From the first peptide discovered (SJ2176) to the first peptide approved by the Food and Drug Administration (DP178/T20/enfuvirtide/Fuzeon®), anti‐HIV proteins/peptides as fusion/entry inhibitors have been shown to provide potent ef...
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - August 26, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Miral Fumakia, Sidi Yang, Jijin Gu, Emmanuel A. Ho Tags: Review Source Type: research
Innate immune response during herpes simplex virus encephalitis and development of immunomodulatory strategies
In conclusion, the cerebral innate immune response that develops during HSE is a “double‐edged sword” as it is critical to control viral replication in the brain early after infection, but, if left uncontrolled, may also result in an exaggerated inflammatory response that could be detrimental to the host. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - July 23, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Jocelyne Piret, Guy Boivin Tags: Review Source Type: research
Reviews in Medical Virology Calendar of International Meetings
(Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - July 6, 2015 Category: Virology Tags: Calendar Source Type: research
Erratum: Global reemergence of enterovirus D68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections
(Source: Reviews in Medical Virology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology - July 6, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Tadatsugu Imamura, Hitoshi Oshitani Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
