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Understanding the MIND phenotype: macrophage/microglia inflammation in neurocognitive disorders related to human immunodeficiency virus infection
Tissue macrophages play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in most organs of the body including the brain where microglia represent the resident phagocytic cells of this compartment. The possibility of one day harnessing macrophage plasticity to treat or ameliorate disorders including obesity, cancer, organ damage, intestinal disorders, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease in which these cells play a role, is a very exciting prospect. Inflammatory signaling is required for regenerative repair, healing, and pathogen clearance functions. However, when the inflammatory response persists in a chronic fashion o...
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 26, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Amanda Brown Source Type: research

A reply to the commentary on ¿Animal models of chronic tympanic membrane perforation: in response to plasminogen initiates and potentiates the healing of acute and chronic tympanic membrane perforations in mice¿ by Wang AY, Shen Y, Wang JT, Eikelboom RH and Dilley RJ; Clin Translat Med, 2014; 3:5
No description available (Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine)
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 26, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Sten HellströmYue ShenTor Ny Source Type: research

An engineered micropattern to reduce bacterial colonization, platelet adhesion and fibrin sheath formation for improved biocompatibility of central venous catheters
Background: Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) are common complications of central venous catheters (CVC), which are used to monitor patient health and deliver medications. CVCs are subject to protein adsorption and platelet adhesion as well as colonization by the natural skin flora (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Antimicrobial and antithrombotic drugs can prevent infections and thrombosis-related complications, but have associated resistance and safety risks. Surface topographies have shown promise in limiting platelet and bacterial adhesion,...
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 26, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Rhea MayChelsea MaginEthan MannMichael DrinkerJohn FraserChristopher SiedleckiAnthony BrennanShravanthi Reddy Source Type: research

Vaccination in children with allergy to non active vaccine components
Childhood immunisation is one of the greatest public health successes of the last century. Vaccines contain an active component (the antigen) which induces the immune response. They may also contain additional components such as preservatives, additives, adjuvants and traces of other substances. This review provides information about risks of hypersensitivity reactions to components of vaccines. Furthermore, recommendations to avoid or reduce reactions to vaccine components have been detailed. (Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine)
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 14, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Fabrizio FranceschiniPaolo BottauSilvia CaimmiGiuseppe CrisafulliLiotti LuciaDiego PeroniFrancesca SarettaMario VernichCarlotta Povesi DascolaCarlo Caffarelli Source Type: research

Biomarkers of fatigue related to adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: evaluation of plasma and lymphocyte expression
Conclusions: We conclude that fatigue induced by chemotherapy in BC patients is associated with changes in IL1-ra plasma levels and in TGF-? lymphocyte expression. Its mechanism may be different than that observed in long-term BC survivors or that induced by radiation therapy.Trial registrationNCT02041364 [ClinicalTrials.gov] (Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine)
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 14, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Felipe CruzBruna MunhozBeatriz AlvesFlavia GehrkeFernando FonsecaRenata KuniyoshiDaniel CuberoLuke PepponeAuro DelGiglio Source Type: research

Clinical significance of monocyte heterogeneity
Monocytes are primitive hematopoietic cells that primarily arise from the bone marrow, circulate in the peripheral blood and give rise to differentiated macrophages. Over the past two decades, considerable attention to monocyte diversity and macrophage polarization has provided contextual clues into the role of myelomonocytic derivatives in human disease. Until recently, human monocytes were subdivided based on expression of the surface marker CD16. “Classical” monocytes express surface markers denoted as CD14++CD16− and account for greater than 70% of total monocyte count, while “non-classical” monocytes express...
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 14, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Brian StansfieldDavid Ingram Source Type: research

Hallmarks of epithelial to mesenchymal transition are detectable in Crohn¿s disease associated intestinal fibrosis
Conclusions: We demonstrate the presence of EMT-associated molecules in fibrotic lesions of CD patients. These findings support the hypothesis that EMT might play a role for the development of CD-associated intestinal fibrosis. (Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine)
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 7, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Michael ScharlNicole HuberSilvia LangAlois FürstEkkehard JehleGerhard Rogler Source Type: research

The significance of macrophage polarization subtypes for animal models of tissue fibrosis and human fibrotic diseases
The systemic and organ-specific human fibrotic disorders collectively represent one of the most serious health problems world-wide causing a large proportion of the total world population mortality. The molecular pathways involved in their pathogenesis are complex and despite intensive investigations have not been fully elucidated. Whereas chronic inflammatory cell infiltration is universally present in fibrotic lesions, the central role of monocytes and macrophages as regulators of inflammation and fibrosis has only recently become apparent. However, the precise mechanisms involved in the contribution of monocytes/macroph...
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - February 7, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Peter WermuthSergio Jimenez Source Type: research

The translational significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck cancer
Positive markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck cancers complicate clinical management and are associated with reduced survival. We discuss recent translational discoveries in EMT and suggest additional actionable molecular pathways, biomarkers, and clinical agents. (Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine)
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - November 30, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Christian GravesFadi AbboodiSwati TomarJames WellsLucia Pirisi Source Type: research

The significance of macrophage phenotype in cancer and biomaterials
Macrophages have long been known to exhibit heterogeneous and plastic phenotypes. They show functional diversity with roles in homeostasis, tissue repair, immunity and disease. There exists a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes with varied effector functions, molecular determinants, cytokine and chemokine profiles, as well as receptor expression. In tumor microenvironments, the subset of macrophages known as tumor-associated macrophages generates byproducts that enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis, making them attractive targets for anti-cancer therapeutics. With respect to wound healing and the foreign body response, ther...
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - November 25, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Hannah BygdKiva ForsmarkKaitlin Bratlie Source Type: research

Unique expression features of cancer-type organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 mRNA expression in human colon and lung cancers
Conclusions: Based on the unique characteristics of the Ct-OATP1B3 mRNA expression profile identified in this study, Ct-OATP1B3 mRNA can be expected to become a biomarker candidate for use in colon (and lung) cancer diagnosis. Simultaneously, our results advance the possibility that Ct-OATP1B3 might play yet unidentified roles, in addition to transporter function, in cancer cell biology. (Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine)
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - November 18, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Yuchen SunTomomi FurihataSeiya IshiiMiki NagaiManami HaradaOsamu ShimozatoTakehiko KamijoShinichiro MotohashiIchiro YoshinoAtsuko KamiichiKaoru KobayashiKan Chiba Source Type: research

Gene expression profiling of immunomagnetically separated cells directly from stabilized whole blood for multicenter clinical trials
Conclusions: The proposed workflow generates reproducible cell-type specific transcriptome data which can be translated to clinical settings and used to identify clinically relevant gene expression biomarkers from whole blood samples. This procedure enables the integration of transcriptomics of relevant immune cell subsets sorted directly from whole blood in clinical trial protocols. (Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine)
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - November 13, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Martin LetzkusEvert LuesinkSandrine Starck-SchwertzMarc BigaudFareed MirzaNicole HartmannBernhard GerstmayerUwe JanssenAndreas SchererMartin SchumacherAurelie VerlesAlessandra VitalitiNanguneri NirmalaKeith JohnsonFrank Staedtler Source Type: research

Clinical significance of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): potential target for prevention of airway fibrosis and lung cancer
Unfortunately, the research effort directed into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been disproportionately weak compared to its social importance, and indeed it is the least researched of all common chronic conditions. Tobacco smoking is the major etiological factor. Only 25% of smokers will develop “classic” COPD; in these vulnerable individuals the progression of airways disease to symptomatic COPD occurs over two or more decades. We know surprisingly little about the pathobiology of COPD airway disease, though small airway fibrosis and obliteration are likely to be the main contributors to physiologic...
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - November 11, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Sukhwinder SohalMalik MahmoodEugene Walters Source Type: research

Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 is an independent prognostic biomarker in advanced bladder cancer
In this study, we assessed with an immunoassay we developed, the prognostic value of serum MMP-7 in a series of patients with advanced bladder cancer. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 56 patients with advanced bladder cancer who were treated at the Montpellier Cancer Institute between March 2003 and December 2004. MMP-7 was quantified in serum samples by using a homogeneous sandwich fluoroimmunoassay we developed based on the time resolved amplified cryptate emission (TRACE) technology. Results: The median overall survival of the study population was 2.2 years (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.0) with 1- and 5-year survival rat...
Source: Clinical and Translational Medicine - October 28, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Mounira El DemeryGaiané Demirdjian-SarkissianSimon ThezenasWilliam JacotYassine LaghzaliBruno DarbouretStéphane CulineXavier RebillardPierre-Jean Lamy Source Type: research