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Using Cognitive Psychology Research to Inform Professional Visual Search Operations
Publication date: June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 2Author(s): Adam T. Biggs, Michelle R. Kramer, Stephen R. MitroffVisual search—locating target(s) among distractors—is a common practice that can range in difficulty from trivially easy to nearly impossible. Professional searches (e.g., airport security, radiology) typically are among the most complicated and challenging tasks, and also often among the most important. The current discussion examines empirical findings in the cognitive psychology literature that contribute to professional search operations, with an em...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Are Forensic Scientists Experts?
Publication date: June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 2Author(s): Alice Towler, David White, Kaye Ballantyne, Rachel A. Searston, Kristy A. Martire, Richard I. KempDespite playing a critical role in our criminal justice system, very little is known about the expertise of forensic scientists. Here, we review three disciplines where research has begun to investigate such expertise: handwriting analysis, fingerprint examination, and facial image comparison. We assess expertise against the scientific standard, but conclude that meeting this standard does not provide a sufficien...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Evaluating Merit Among Scientists
Publication date: June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 2Author(s): Robert J. SternbergWhat makes some scientists distinguished and others hardly noticeable? How does one know who's who? In this article, I consider various means for judging the scholarly merit of a scientist and, further, some of the psychological issues involved when judgments are made regarding the distinction of scientists. I emphasize in particular four criteria: quality, productivity, visibility, and impact. The main ways of judging scientists on the basis of these criteria are peer judgments, quantity o...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

What Professionals Know: Contributions of Cognitive Science to the Assessment of Professional Competence
Publication date: June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 2Author(s): Richard E. Mayer (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Reducing the Consequences of Acute Stress on Memory Retrieval
Publication date: June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 2Author(s): Amy M. Smith, Ayanna K. ThomasPsychological stress has been shown to impair episodic memory retrieval. Implicated in this memory impairment is the physiological stress response, which interferes with retrieval-related neural processing. An important next step in research is to determine how to improve post-stress memory accessibility. In this review, we first consider methodological differences in studies that have examined stress and memory, as they lend insight into the conditions under which stress does an...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

How Do Students Use Self-Testing Across Multiple Study Sessions When Preparing for a High-Stakes Exam?
Publication date: June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 2Author(s): Jessica L. Janes, John Dunlosky, Katherine A. RawsonTesting is a potent learning tool, but how do students use testing across multiple study sessions? In two studies, we investigated students’ use of testing to learn course materials for a high-stakes exam across four sessions. Of primary interest was (a) whether students used self-testing similarly across sessions and (b) whether students used self-testing to reach high levels of retrieval success across sessions. In each session, students learned the same...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Taxing the Brain to Uncover Lying? Meta-analyzing the Effect of Imposing Cognitive Load on the Reaction-Time Costs of Lying
Publication date: Available online 5 June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Bruno Verschuere, Nils C. Köbis, Yoella Bereby-Meyer, David Rand, Shaul ShalviLying typically requires greater mental effort than telling the truth. Imposing cognitive load may improve lie detection by limiting the cognitive resources needed to lie effectively, thereby increasing the difference in speed between truths and lies. We test this hypothesis meta-analytically. Across 21 studies using response-time (RT) paradigms (11 unpublished; total N = 792), we consistently found that truth-telling was...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Why Were Those Details So Hard for Me to Recall? Experienced Ease of Selective Retrieval Modulates Episodic Gist Memory
Publication date: Available online 7 June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Rona Sheaffer, Morris Goldsmith, Ainat PanskyThe role of retrieval fluency—the experienced ease with which information comes to mind—in cognition has been studied from various perspectives. Memory research has treated retrieval fluency primarily as a metacognitive cue for evaluating the source and accuracy of retrieved content, whereas social-cognition research has focused on its role as an independent source of information that may qualify—and even oppose—the retrieved content. Spanning these literat...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Mindwandering While Reading Not Only Reduces Science Learning But Also Increases Content Misunderstandings
Publication date: Available online 13 June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Christopher A. Sanchez, Jamie S. NaylorMore frequent mindwandering has been shown to reduce overall text comprehension. However, are mindwanders also more likely to generate incorrect associations based on what they have read? This question is especially critical for science learning, as errors in understanding can resonate through future learning efforts. Across 2 experiments, participants read a science text and were asked to generate a causal essay response related to the text, in addition to completing a...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Investigating the Replicability and Generalizability of the Negative Testing Effect
Publication date: Available online 13 June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Kathryn T. Wissman, Daniel J. PetersonAlthough tests typically improve long-term retention, recent research suggests that certain types of tests may disrupt memory, referred to as the negative testing effect. According to one explanatory framework, this detrimental effect on memory results from tests disrupting organizational processing, which hinders the ability to make associations between items. From an educational perspective, these outcomes are concerning because they suggest contexts in which taking a ...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Does Working Memory Capacity Moderate the Interleaving Benefit?
Publication date: Available online 15 June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Faria Sana, Veronica X. Yan, Joseph A. Kim, Elizabeth Ligon Bjork, Robert A. BjorkInterleaving examples of different categories, rather than blocking examples by category, often enhances the learning of those categories, but does this benefit vary by learner? On one hand, it could be argued that interleaving places increased demands on a learner's working-memory capacity (WMC), which could foster suboptimal learning for those with lower WMC than for those with higher WMC. On the other hand, studies show that...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Eye Tracking as a Tool for the Detection of Simulated Memory Impairment
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Elaine J. Mahoney, Narinder Kapur, David C. Osmon, Deborah E. HannulaEffects of feigned memory impairment on eye-movement behavior were investigated. Participants encoded scene–face pairs and were tested with displays containing three studied faces preceded by a studied scene. Half of these displays contained the face that had previously been associated with the scene cue, while the remainders did not. Participants made presence/absence judgments while eye movements were recorded and either attempted to pe...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their Nation's Role in World History
Publication date: Available online 23 June 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Franklin M. Zaromb, James H. Liu, Dario Páez, Katja Hanke, Adam L. Putnam, Henry L. RoedigerFollowing a survey asking many questions about world history, 6185 students from 35 countries were asked, “What contribution do you think the country you are living in has made to world history?” They provided an estimate from 0 to 100%, where 0% indicated that the country made no contribution to world history and 100% indicated that all contributions came from the country. U.S. students provided an estimate of 3...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Role of Working Memory Capacity and Cognitive Load in Producing Lies for Autobiographical Information
This study examined effects of working memory capacity (WMC) and cognitive load on one's ability to convincingly tell lies. Recent research suggests imposing a cognitive load improves lie detection. We hypothesized that the cognitive demands of lying, particularly under high load, would lead to poorer performance among low-WMC individuals. In our study, young adults gave truthful or deceptive responses to autobiographical questions when under either high or low cognitive load. Detectors attempted to guess speaker veracity either in person or when later watching a video recording. When under high load, low-WMC individuals�...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Triage Decision-Making by Welfare Fraud Investigators
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): David Walsh, Coral J. Dando, Thomas C. OrmerodTwo studies explored triage decision-making in a welfare fraud investigation, specifically decisions concerning what evidence to collect when deciding whether to pursue a case to prosecution or to issue a warning only. An observational study revealed that triage decisions appear to be determined by subjective estimates of the ease of evidence collection and that these estimates are influenced by complexity of mapping evidence onto fraud types. This hypothesis was...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research