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The Gap Between Desired and Expected Performance as Predictor for Judgment Confidence
Publication date: Available online 27 June 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Marion Händel, Anne-Katrin BukowskiMetacognitive judgments provide information about one's personal understanding of specific learning content. Their level and accuracy, however, differ depending on performance. Low-performing students provide rather inaccurate and overly optimistic performance judgments but indicate lower confidence in their judgments. This unskilled but subjectively aware effect and its underlying factors are the focus of the present study. Undergraduate students (N = 237) in an...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - June 27, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

A Unified Cognitive/Differential Approach to Human Intelligence: Implications for IQ Testing
We present process overlap theory, a new theory of intelligence that is informed by cognitive psychology. The theory explains the positive correlations between diverse tests on the basis of overlapping cognitive processes and reinterprets the general factor of intelligence, g, as a formative construct. The consequences of this approach are discussed, including a focus on specific abilities rather than on global scores in cognitive test results. (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - June 26, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Examining Underconfidence Among High-Performing Students: A Test of the False Consensus Hypothesis
Publication date: Available online 4 June 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Robert Tirso, Lisa Geraci, Gabriel D. SaenzPeople are inaccurate when predicting their performance on tests: Poor performers are often overconfident whereas high performers are slightly underconfident. This pattern is said to occur because low performers overestimate their own knowledge and underestimate others’ knowledge, whereas high performers only overestimate others’ knowledge by assuming it is similar to theirs—a false consensus effect. The current studies tested this false consensus hypothesis in...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - June 5, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Nonprobative Photos Increase Truth, Like, and Share Judgments in a Simulated Social Media Environment
Publication date: Available online 1 June 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Elise Fenn, Nicholas Ramsa, Justin Kantner, Kathy Pezdek, Erica AbedAlthough online content contains information from both credible and dubious sources, most Americans use online platforms as a news source. What psychological factors increase the endorsement and spread of information online, both true and false? Given that related but nonprobative photos increase belief in information in laboratory tasks (the “truthiness effect”), such photos may have a related impact on processing information encountered...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - June 1, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Current Status of Students’ Note-Taking: Why and How Do Students Take Notes?
Publication date: Available online 31 May 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Amber E. Witherby, Sarah K. TauberNumerous researchers have investigated the factors that influence students’ note-taking. In the present study, we explored whether recent advances in technology are associated with changes in students’ self-reported note-taking and classroom experiences. We administered a survey to a sample of current and former university students to investigate why students take notes, how students take notes, students’ classroom experiences, and whether students’ note-taking and cl...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - May 31, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

A Measure of Perceived Informativeness for Investigations of Eyewitness Memory Reporting
We examined how eyewitnesses (N = 150) perceive informativeness, developing extended and brief measures of perceived informativeness. The associated psychometric evaluation revealed that witnesses construe informativeness not only in terms of specificity but also in terms of their perceptions of the value of the information they report and its impact on the image they present. Using these measures to understand witnesses’ motivations for reporting or withholding information could advance understanding of the drivers of memory reporting in criminal investigations and various other domains involving investigative...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - May 30, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Prospective Memory: Comparing Self- and Proxy-Reports with Cognitive Modeling of Task Performance
Publication date: Available online 27 May 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Nina R. Arnold, Ute J. BayenProspective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform an action in the future and is crucial in everyday life. Self-report questionnaires are sometimes used to assess PM problems. In two studies, we compared self-ratings on the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ, G. Smith, Della Sala, Logie, & Maylor, 2000) with actual performance in laboratory PM tasks using Bayesian hierarchical multinomial modeling. In Study 2, we additionally collected parents’ rating...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - May 28, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Identification Performance from Multiple Lineups: Should Eyewitnesses Who Pick Fillers Be Burned?
Publication date: Available online 23 May 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Laura Smalarz, Nate Kornell, Kalif E. Vaughn, Matthew A. PalmerOver the course of a criminal investigation, eyewitnesses are sometimes shown multiple lineups in an attempt to identify the culprit, yet little research has examined eyewitness identification performance from multiple lineups. In two experiments, we examined eyewitness identification accuracy among witnesses who made an inaccurate identification from an initial lineup, correctly rejected an initial lineup, or saw no initial lineup. Consistent wit...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - May 23, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Predicting High Confidence Errors in Eyewitness Memory: The Role of Face Recognition Ability, Decision-Time, and Justifications
This study addresses whether there are variables that systematically influence the rate of high confidence misidentifications. Notably, this is the first study to document the influence of face recognition ability on the confidence–accuracy relationship. Participants viewed photos of individuals of their same race or a different race and performed a lineup recognition test after either a 5-min (n = 277) or 1-day (n = 292) delay. High confidence identification errors were more likely when (a) individuals are worse face recognizers, (b) decision-times are slow, and (c) responses are justified with refer...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - April 11, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Collective Memories across 11 Nations for World War II: Similarities and Differences Regarding the Most Important Events
Publication date: Available online 2 April 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Magdalena Abel, Sharda Umanath, Beth Fairfield, Masanobu Takahashi, Henry L. Roediger, James V. WertschWorld War II affected almost all nations of the world. The events of the war and their consequences are still being debated today, decades later. In two studies, we examined how people from different countries remembered the war. Over 100 people from each of 11 countries (Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, UK, and USA) provided their opinions of the 10 most importa...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - April 4, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Reading Traffic Signs While Driving: Are Linguistic Word Properties Relevant in a Complex, Dynamic Environment?
Publication date: Available online 3 April 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Pilar Tejero, Beatriz Insa, Javier RocaWhen driving a vehicle, do we read the words displayed on traffic signs just as we do in more standard conditions? In the driving context, stimulus quality is generally worse, and reading has to be performed at the same time as we are doing other tasks. In the present work, we examined the effects of word frequency and word length on reading in such circumstances. A stimulus presentation mimicking the approach to the traffic sign increased the effect of word frequency, ...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - April 4, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Expanding Cognition: A Brief Consideration of Technological Advances over the Past 4000 Years
Publication date: March 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 8, Issue 1Author(s): Jeremy K. Yamashiro, Henry L. Roediger (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - March 30, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Digital Expansion of the Mind Gone Wrong in Education
Publication date: March 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 8, Issue 1Author(s): Daniel T. Willingham (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - March 30, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Individual Mind in the Active Construction of its Digital Niche
Publication date: March 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 8, Issue 1Author(s): Qi Wang (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - March 30, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Thoughts on the Digital Expansion of the Mind and the Effects of Using the Internet on Memory and Cognition
Publication date: March 2019Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 8, Issue 1Author(s): Benjamin C. Storm (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - March 30, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research