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Effects of Flashcards on Learning Authentic Materials: The Role of Detailed Versus Conceptual Flashcards and Individual Differences in Structure-Building Ability
Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Chelsea Lin, Mark A. McDaniel, Toshiya MiyatsuLittle research has examined the fruitfulness of flashcards for improving learning outcomes of authentic classroom material. In Experiment 1, across different content areas flashcards did not significantly increase performance on a final test relative to the free-study condition. Experiment 2 investigated whether providing conceptual flashcards would aid participants’ learning relative to detailed flashcards (the kind generated most frequently by participants)...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - August 4, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Limited Effects of Prequestions on Learning from Authentic Lecture Videos
Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Alexander R. Toftness, Shana K. Carpenter, Sierra Lauber, Laura MickesAsking questions prior to learning enhances memory. Although this prequestion effect typically applies only to information that was prequestioned and not to other, non-prequestioned information, recent research using short videos found benefits to both prequestioned and non-prequestioned information. In the current study, students viewed authentic video-recorded lectures, each over 20 min, prepared for actual courses on signal detect...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - August 3, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

(Un)Great Expectations: The Role of Placebo Effects in Cognitive Training
Publication date: Available online 3 August 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Nancy Tsai, Martin Buschkuehl, Snigdha Kamarsu, Priti Shah, John Jonides, Susanne M. JaeggiA growing body of literature demonstrating the malleability of critical higher-order cognitive functions by means of targeted interventions has incited widespread scientific interest, most notably in the form of cognitive training programs. The results are mixed and a point of contention: It has been argued that gains observed in cognitive training are mainly due to placebo effects. To address this, we examined the ef...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - August 3, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Multiple-Choice Testing in Education: Are the Best Practices for Assessment Also Good for Learning?
Publication date: Available online 31 July 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and CognitionAuthor(s): Andrew C. ButlerMultiple-choice tests are arguably the most popular type of assessment in education, and much research has been dedicated to determining best practices for using them to measure learning. The act of taking a test also causes learning, and numerous studies have investigated how best to use multiple-choice tests to improve long-term retention and produce deeper understanding. In this review article, I explore whether the best practices for assessment align with the best practices for learning. ...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - August 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Triage Decision-Making by Welfare Fraud Investigators
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): David Walsh, Coral J. Dando, Thomas C. OrmerodTwo studies explored triage decision-making in a welfare fraud investigation, specifically decisions concerning what evidence to collect when deciding whether to pursue a case to prosecution or to issue a warning only. An observational study revealed that triage decisions appear to be determined by subjective estimates of the ease of evidence collection and that these estimates are influenced by complexity of mapping evidence onto fraud types. This hypothesis was...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

When Expert Decision Making Goes Wrong: Consensus, Bias, the Role of Experts, and Accuracy
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Itiel E. Dror, Jeff Kukucka, Saul M. Kassin, Patricia A. Zapf (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Comment on Kukucka, Kassin, Zapf, and Dror (2017), “Cognitive Bias and Blindness: A Global Survey of Forensic Science Examiners”
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): William R. Oliver (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Forget in a Flash: A Further Investigation of the Photo-Taking-Impairment Effect
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Julia S. Soares, Benjamin C. StormA photo-taking-impairment effect has been observed such that participants are less likely to remember objects they photograph than objects they only observe. According to the offloading hypothesis, taking photos allows people to offload organic memory onto the camera's prosthetic memory, which they can rely upon to “remember” for them. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating whether participants perceived photo-taking as capable of serving as a form of offloading. In E...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

What Learning Strategies Do Academic Support Centers Recommend to Undergraduates?
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Jennifer A. McCabeThis survey study examined the learning strategy recommendations and endorsements made by heads of academic support centers at 77 institutions of higher education. Participants answered open-ended and forced-choice items regarding various strategies. Several evidence-based strategies were endorsed and frequently recommended (e.g., self-testing, discussing course materials, answering questions, teaching materials to others, spacing study sessions), but some (e.g., multi-modal coding, interle...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Using Specific Model Statements to Elicit Information and Cues to Deceit in Information-Gathering Interviews
This study examined tailored Model Statements, emphasising either spatial (Spatial-MS), or temporal (Temporal-MS) details, compared to a control condition (no-MS). Participants (63 liars, 63 truth-tellers) were randomly allocated to one of three interviewing conditions. Truth-tellers honestly reported a spy mission, whereas liars performed a covert mission and lied about their activities. The Spatial-MS elicited more spatial details than the control, particularly for truth-tellers. The Temporal-MS elicited more temporal details than the control, for truth-tellers and liars combined. Results indicate that the composition of...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Theory of Mind and the Detection of Suspicious Behavior
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Neil Brewer, Audrey Bay Wei Ying, Robyn L. Young, Yong-Hwee NahTwo studies examined whether deficits in theory of mind—the ability to understand and predict the intent, behaviors, and emotions of others—are related to slowness in recognizing that there is something suspicious about the way in which an interaction is unfolding. Participants listened to vignettes, some culminating in a crime, and indicated when they detected something suspicious about the situation unfolding in the scenario. Theory of mind...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Effect of Question Placement on Learning from Textbook Chapters
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Oyku Uner, Henry L. RoedigerRetrieval practice enhances learning of short passages, but its effectiveness for authentic educational materials such as textbook chapters is not well established. In the current experiment, students studied a 40-page textbook chapter on biology. Retrieval practice with correct-answer feedback was manipulated within subjects: some questions appeared only after a chapter section, others only after the whole chapter, and yet others at both times. Two groups served as controls: the ...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Does Covert Retrieval Benefit Learning of Key-Term Definitions?
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Sarah K. Tauber, Amber E. Witherby, John Dunlosky, Katherine A. Rawson, Adam L. Putnam, Henry L. RoedigerEven though retrieval practice typically has a robust, positive influence on memory, response format (overt vs. covert retrieval) may moderate its effect when students learn complex material. Overt retrieval is likely to promote exhaustive retrieval, whereas covert retrieval may not be exhaustive for familiar key terms. In two experiments, students were instructed to study key-term definitions and were as...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Macrocognition in Submarine Command and Control: A Comparison of three Simulated Operational Scenarios
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Aaron P.J. Roberts, Neville A. StantonSubmarine command and control operations are not well understood, but they are an exemplar of macrocognition. For the first time, this study compares three operational scenarios in a simulated submarine control room: returning to periscope depth (RTPD), inshore operations (INSO), and dived tracking of contact (DT). The event analysis of systematic teamwork (EAST) method was used to model macrocognition by way of social, task, and information networks. Results indicate th...
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Generative models as a third paradigm for decision making: A response to Markman
Publication date: March 2018Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 1Author(s): Korey MacDougall, Frank E. Ritter (Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition - July 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research