Biology of Hypoxia
There is an important and strong, but complex influence of the tumor microenvironment on tumor cells׳ phenotype, aggressiveness, and treatment sensitivity. One of the most frequent and best-studied aspects of the tumor microenvironment is hypoxia. Low oxygen tension often occurs in tumor cells by several mechanisms, for example, poor angiogenesis and increased oxygen consumption. Hypoxia is a heterogeneous concept with oxygen tensions ranging from (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Paul N. Span, Johan Bussink Source Type: research
Evaluation of Hypoxia With Copper-Labeled Diacetyl-bis(N-Methylthiosemicarbazone)
Imaging of hypoxia is important in many diseases states in oncology, cardiology, and neurology. The radiopharmaceutical, copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methylthiosemicarbazone), has been used to assess hypoxia in many studies. In particular, copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methylthiosemicarbazone) has been used in oncologic settings to investigate tumor hypoxia and the role of this parameter in response to therapy and outcome. Some groups have conducted imaging studies assessing the role of hypoxia in cardiovascular and neurologic disorders. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Suzanne E. Lapi, Jason S. Lewis, Farrokh Dehdashti Source Type: research
Optimizing Hypoxia Detection and Treatment Strategies
Clinical studies using Eppendorf needle sensors have invariably documented the resistance of hypoxic human tumors to therapy. These studies first documented the need for individual patient measurement of hypoxia, as hypoxia varied from tumor to tumor. Furthermore, hypoxia in sarcomas and cervical cancer leads to distant metastasis or local or regional spread, respectively. For various reasons, the field has moved away from direct needle sensor oxygen measurements to indirect assays (hypoxia-inducible factor–related changes and bioreductive metabolism) and the latter can be imaged noninvasively. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Cameron J. Koch, Sydney M. Evans Source Type: research
The Chemistry and Radiochemistry of Hypoxia-Specific, Radiohalogenated Nitroaromatic Imaging Probes
Hypoxia is prevalent in many solid tumors. Hypoxic tumors tend to exhibit rapid growth and aberrant vasculature, which lead to oxygen (O2) depletion and impaired drug delivery. The reductive environment in hypoxic tumors alters cellular metabolism, which can trigger transcriptional responses; induce genetic alterations; promote invasion, metastasis, resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, tumor progression, and recurrence; and leads to poor local control and reduced survival rates. Therefore, exploiting the reductive microenvironment in hypoxic tumors by delivering electron-affinic, O2-mimetic radioactive drugs that b...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Piyush Kumar, Veena Bacchu, Leonard Irving Wiebe Source Type: research
F-18 Fluoromisonidazole for Imaging Tumor Hypoxia: Imaging the Microenvironment for Personalized Cancer Therapy
Hypoxia in solid tumors is one of the seminal mechanisms for developing aggressive trait and treatment resistance in solid tumors. This evolutionarily conserved biological mechanism along with derepression of cellular functions in cancer, although resulting in many challenges, provide us with opportunities to use these adversities to our advantage. Our ability to use molecular imaging to characterize therapeutic targets such as hypoxia and apply this information for therapeutic interventions is growing rapidly. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Joseph G. Rajendran, Kenneth A. Krohn Source Type: research
Guest Editorial
Research into the detection and consequences of hypoxia in solid tumors continues to advance at a rapid pace and on multiple fronts. This collection of outstanding review articles presents the state-of-the-art development in both research and clinical settings while highlighting several areas of concordance and controversy in the field. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Sean Carlin, John Humm Source Type: research
Editorial: Hypoxia Imaging in Nuclear Medicine
When we first conceived of a Seminar devoted to Nuclear Medicine, we discussed the concept with a colleague. He asked how would we continue to find topics to review after a couple of years and questioned the concept of a journal devoted to the subject. As we are about to enter our 45th year of publication, it is evident to everyone that there are more than enough subjects to review in the field of Nuclear Medicine for many years to come. Interest in Nuclear Medicine remains intense, and the journal continues to place among the top imaging journals in the Science Citation Index. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Leonard Freeman, M. Donald Blaufox Source Type: research
The Clinical Significance of Hypoxia in Human Cancers
Hypoxia is present to some extent in most solid malignant human cancers because of an imbalance between the limited oxygen delivery capacity of the abnormal vasculature and the high oxygen consumption of tumor cells. This drives a complex and dynamic compensatory response to enable continued cell survival, including genomic changes leading to selection of hypoxia-adapted cells with a propensity to invade locally, metastasize, and recur following surgery or radiotherapy. There is indisputable clinical evidence from numerous observational and therapeutic studies across a range of tumor types to implicate hypoxia as a key det...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - February 20, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Neesha Dhani, Anthony Fyles, David Hedley, Michael Milosevic Source Type: research
Evaluation of Osseous Metastasis in Bone Scintigraphy
Bone scintigraphy (BS) is an imaging tool commonly used for screening patients with cancer, especially those with high prevalence of osseous metastases including the breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, and kidney, which account for 80% of osseous metastasis. BS has been shown to be of value in the initial and subsequent treatment strategy of various malignancies. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the technical and imaging aspects of BS and to examine the present research into improved detection of osseous metastasis. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - December 2, 2014 Category: Radiology Authors: Diego Davila, Alexander Antoniou, Muhammad A. Chaudhry Source Type: research
Radionuclide Imaging of Osteomyelitis
Radionuclide procedures frequently are performed as part of the diagnostic workup of osteomyelitis. Bone scintigraphy accurately diagnoses osteomyelitis in bones not affected by underlying conditions. Degenerative joint disease, fracture, and orthopedic hardware decrease the specificity of the bone scan, making it less useful in these situations. Gallium-67 scintigraphy was often used as an adjunct to bone scintigraphy for diagnosing osteomyelitis. However, now it is used primarily for spinal infections when 18F-FDG imaging cannot be performed. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - December 2, 2014 Category: Radiology Authors: Christopher J. Palestro Source Type: research
Radionuclide Therapy for Osseous Metastases in Prostate Cancer
Bone metastases are associated with increased morbidity and poor prognosis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Since 2010, 5 systemic therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration based on an improvement in overall survival, offering alternatives to docetaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent with modest effect and significant toxicity. These systemic treatments belong to different classes of medication such as immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and radionuclide therapy. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - December 2, 2014 Category: Radiology Authors: Alain S. Abi-Ghanem, Mary A. McGrath, Heather A. Jacene Source Type: research
Altered Biodistribution of Radiopharmaceuticals Used in Bone Scintigraphy
Bone scintigraphy has remained a mainstay of clinical nuclear medicine for more than 4 decades. Extensive medical literature has developed surrounding the etiology and significance of alterations in distribution of bone radiopharmaceuticals. Altered biodistribution may be of a global nature, reflecting altered partition of radiopharmaceutical between bone and soft tissues, or more focal, reflecting regional abnormalities, including those related to bone or soft tissues. A third category of alterations in the distribution of bone radiopharmaceuticals is those due to errors and blunders, colloquially termed “artifactual”...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - December 2, 2014 Category: Radiology Authors: Lionel S. Zuckier, Patrick Martineau Source Type: research
Sodium F-Fluoride PET/CT of Bone, Joint, and Other Disorders
The use of 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) with PET/CT is increasing. This resurgence of an old tracer has been fueled by several factors including superior diagnostic performance over standard 99mTc-based bone scintigraphy, growth in the availability of PET/CT imaging systems, increase in the number of regional commercial distribution centers for PET radiotracers, the recent concerns about potential recurring shortages with 99mTc-based radiotracers, and the recent decision by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to reimburse for 18F-NaF PET/CT for evaluation of patients with known or suspected bone metastases thro...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - December 2, 2014 Category: Radiology Authors: Hossein Jadvar, Bhushan Desai, Peter S. Conti Source Type: research
Bone SPECT/CT in Skeletal Trauma
The utility of radionuclide bone scanning in skeletal trauma has been greatly enhanced over the last decade by hybrid technology merging multislice CT with SPECT that can take advantage of CT-based correction of attenuation and scatter. The resulting images have been particularly helpful in giving us new insights into the evaluation of foot and ankle injuries and vertebral pathology both before and after surgery. The physiological information and anatomical detail allow a better understanding of the causes of patients׳ pain and have proven to be particularly useful in planning surgical intervention. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - December 2, 2014 Category: Radiology Authors: Stephen C. Scharf Source Type: research
Multiple Myeloma: F-FDG-PET/CT and Diagnostic Imaging
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a relatively rare hematologic disorder characterized by proliferation of plasma cells, primarily involving the bone marrow. Extramedullary involvement also occurs with poor prognosis. Asymptomatic plasma cell disorders, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, and smoldering MM, which do not require therapy, should be distinguished from symptomatic MM, which requires treatment. MM may present with CRAB, elevated Calcium levels, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, and Bone lesions (including lytic lesions and osteopenia), as well as elevated levels of serum M protein or urine M protein or both. (So...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - December 2, 2014 Category: Radiology Authors: Jasna Mihailovic, Stanley J. Goldsmith Source Type: research
