Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is a major disease that affects men ’s health worldwide. It is the second most common form of cancer in men, surpassed only by nonmelanoma skin cancers such as basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Diagnostic strategies with population screening for prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been surrounded with controv ersy and debated intensively ever since the PSA protein was first purified in 1979 by Wang et al. At the same time, advances in diagnostic imaging, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have increased the opportunity to effectively diagnose, treat, and manage PC. (Source: ...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - September 1, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Mary Nguyen-Nielsen, Michael Borre Source Type: research
Is There Use for FDG-PET in Prostate Cancer?
The use of positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in prostate cancer depends on the phase of the disease along the natural history of this prevalent malignancy in men. Incidental high FDG uptake in the prostate gland, although rare, should prompt further investigation with at least a measurement of serum prostate specific antigen level. Although in general FDG uptake level may significantly overlap among normal, benign, and malignant tissues, aggressive primary tumors with Gleason score> 7 tend to display high FDG uptake. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - September 1, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Hossein Jadvar Source Type: research
PSMA PET and Radionuclide Therapy in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and a major cause of cancer death. Accurate imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, staging, restaging, detection of biochemical recurrence, and for therapy of patients with PCa. Because no effective treatment is available for advanced PCa, there is an urgent need to develop new and more effective therapeutic strategies. To optimize treatment outcome, especially in high-risk patients with PCa, therapy for PCa is moving rapidly toward personalization. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - September 1, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Kirsten Bouchelouche, Baris Turkbey, Peter L. Choyke Source Type: research
Corrigendum to “Production and Clinical Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals and Medical Radioisotopes in Iran” [Semin Nucl Med 46 (2016) 340–358]
Unfortunately, the original version of this article contained 2 errors. A sentence on page 344, paragraph 4 was written incorrectly. It was written as: “I-131 has been produced at TRR using an (n,p) reaction on Xe-124-enriched gas.” The correct form of this sentence is: “I-131 has been produced at TRR using neutron-irradiation of a natural tellurium target.” A sentence on page 346, paragraph 1 was also written incorrectly. It was written as : “I-131 is produced by the irradiation of Xe-124 in the TRR.” The correct form of this sentence is: “I-131 is produced by the irradiation of natural tellurium in the TRR....
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - September 1, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Amir Reza Jalilian, Davood Beiki, Arman Hassanzadeh-Rad, Arash Eftekhari, Parham Geramifar, Mohammad Eftekhari Source Type: research
Angiogenesis Imaging Using 68Ga-RGD PET/CT: Therapeutic Implications
Angiogenesis imaging is important for diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence has been known to bind with the αvβ3 integrin that is expressed on the surface of angiogenic blood vessels or tumor cells. Thus, various radiolabeled derivatives of RGD peptides have been developed for angiogenesis imaging. Among the various radionuclides, 68Ga was the most widely studied for RGD peptide imaging because of its e xcellent nuclear physical properties, easy-to-label chemical properties, and cost-effectiveness owing to the availability of a 68Ge-68Ga genera...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Jae Seon Eo, Jae Min Jeong Source Type: research
Gallium-68 EDTA PET/CT for Renal Imaging
Nuclear medicine renal imaging provides important functional data to assist in the diagnosis and management of patients with a variety of renal disorders. Physiologically stable metal chelates like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine penta-acetate (DTPA) are excreted by glomerular filtration and have been radiolabelled with a variety of isotopes for imaging glomerular filtration and quantitative assessment of glomerular filtration rate. Gallium-68 (68Ga) EDTA PET usage predates Technetium-99m (99mTc) renal imaging, but virtually disappeared with the widespread adoption of gamma camera technology t...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Michael S. Hofman, Rodney J. Hicks Source Type: research
Bifunctional Gallium-68 Chelators: Past, Present, and Future
This article reviews the development of bifunctional chelates for synthesising 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. It structures the chelates into groups of macrocycles, nonmacrocycles, and chimeric derivatives. The most relevant bifunctional chelates are discussed in chelate structure, parameters of 68Ga-labeling, and stability of the 68Ga-chelate complexes. Furthermore those derivatives are included, where 67Ga was applied instead of 68Ga. A particular feature discussed is the ability of certain bifunctional chelate structures to function in kit-type preparation of the 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Philipp Spang, Christian Herrmann, Frank Roesch Source Type: research
Current Status of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Targeting in Nuclear Medicine: Clinical Translation of Chelator Containing Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Ligands Into Diagnostics and Therapy for Prostate Cancer
The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed by approximately 90% of prostate carcinomas. The expression correlates with unfavorable prognostic factors, such as a high Gleason score, infiltrative growth, metastasis, and hormone-independence. The high specificity, especially in the undifferentiated stage, makes it an excellent target for diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, antibodies and small molecule inhibitors have been developed for imaging and therapy. In 2011 PSMA-11, a ligand that consists of the Glu-urea-motif and the chelator HBED-CC, which can be exclusively radiolabeled with 68Ga for PET imaging, pres...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Clemens Kratochwil, Ali Afshar-Oromieh, Klaus Kopka, Uwe Haberkorn, Frederik L. Giesel Source Type: research
Gallium-68 PET: A Powerful Generator-based Alternative to Infection and Inflammation Imaging
The process of inflammation (with or without infection) forms part of essentially every major debilitating disease. Early detection and accurate distinction of inflammation from infection are important to optimize and individualize therapy.Nuclear medicine is ideally suited for the detection of pathologic changes early on and is able to target a magnitude of role players involved in the aforementioned processes. Hybrid modalities such as PET/CT and PET/MRI offer high spatial resolution that combines morphologic and pathophysiological changes and add various quantification possibilities that are preferable in these settings...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Mariza Vorster, Alex Maes, Christophe van de Wiele, Mike Sathekge Source Type: research
Renal Function Assessment During Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy
Theranostics labeled with Y-90 or Lu-177 are highly efficient therapeutic approaches for the systemic treatment of various cancers including neuroendocrine tumors and prostate cancer. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has been used for many years for metastatic or inoperable neuroendocrine tumors. However, renal and hematopoietic toxicities are the major limitations for this therapeutic approach. Kidneys have been considered as the “critical organ” because of the predominant glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption by the proximal tubules, and interstitial retention of the tracers. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Belkis Erbas, Murat Tuncel Source Type: research
68Ga PET Ventilation and Perfusion Lung Imaging —Current Status and Future Challenges
Gallium-68 (68Ga) is a positron-emitting radionuclide suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging that has a number of convenient features —it has a physical half life of 68 minutes, it is generator produced at the PET facility and needs no local cyclotron, and being a radiometal is able to be chelated to a number of useful molecules for diagnostic imaging with PET. 68Ga has recently been investigated as a radiotracer for ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) lung imaging. It is relatively easy to produce both V/Q radiopharmaceuticals labeled with 68Ga for PET studies, it offers higher spatial resolution than equiv...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Dale L. Bailey, Enid M. Eslick, Geoffrey P. Schembri, Paul J. Roach Source Type: research
Advances in the Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Somatostatin receptor PET/CT using 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs, is a mainstay for the evaluation of the somatostatin receptor status in neuroendocrine neoplasms. In addition, the assessment of glucose metabolism by 18F-FDG PET/CT at diagnosis can overcome probable shortcomings of histopathologic grading. This offers a systematic theranostic approach for the management of neuroendocrine neoplasms, that is, patient selection for the appropriate treatment —surgery, somatostatin analogs, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, targeted therapies like everolimus and sunitinib, or chemotherapy—and also for therapy respo...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Harshad R. Kulkarni, Aviral Singh, Richard P. Baum Source Type: research
Letter From the Guest Editor
The 68Ga offer versatile choices in molecular imaging which allow diverse molecules and receptor analogues to be used in imaging, therapy, or theranostics. This in part is because of the feasibility of using a 68Ge/68Ga generator round the clock for nearly a year and it is cost-effective as it negates the need for an on-site cyclotron.1 With 68Ga radiopharmacy being unequivocally one of the most rapidly growing field for clinical practice and research, this series does not aim at encyclopedic completeness but to bring into the limelight certain basic evolutionary tendencies in the science and art of 68Ga radiopharmaceutica...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Mike Machaba Sathekge Source Type: research
Letter From the Editors
It may appear that the positron emitter, Gallium-68 (68Ga) is an exciting new addition to the Nuclear Medicine armamentarium. However, those of us in the older generation, remember the use of 68Ga-EDTA as an imaging agent for brain tumor localization a half-century ago.1,2 Unfortunately, false positives were encountered with 68Ga in inflammation, such as arachnoiditis and optic neuritis.2 Interestingly, the later development of carrier-free Gallium-67 has been used for many years for the specific purpose of studying inflammation and infection. (Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - August 21, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Leonard M. Freeman, M. Donald Blaufox Source Type: research
Novel Cadmium Zinc Telluride Devices for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging —Technological Aspects and Clinical Applications
Myocardial perfusion imaging plays an important role in the assessment of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease and is well established for diagnosis and for prognostic evaluation in these patients. The dedicated cardiac SPECT cameras with solid-state cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors were first introduced a decade ago. A large body of evidence is building up, showing the superiority of the new technology compared with conventional gamma cameras. Not only the CZT detectors, but also new collimator geometries, the ability to perform focused imaging optimized for the heart and advances in data process...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - June 30, 2016 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Simona Ben-Haim, John Kennedy, Zohar Keidar Source Type: research
