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The dynamic receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells
Publication date: Available online 23 June 2018Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye ResearchAuthor(s): Sophia Wienbar, Gregory W. SchwartzAbstractRetinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were one of the first classes of sensory neurons to be described in terms of a receptive field (RF). Over the last six decades, our understanding of the diversity of RGC types and the nuances of their response properties has grown exponentially. We will review the current understanding of RGC RFs mostly from studies in mammals, but including work from other vertebrates as well. We will argue for a new paradigm that embraces the fluidity of RGC RFs wit...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

The dynamic receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells
Publication date: Available online 23 June 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Sophia Wienbar, GregoryW. Schwartz Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were one of the first classes of sensory neurons to be described in terms of a receptive field (RF). Over the last six decades, our understanding of the diversity of RGC types and the nuances of their response properties has grown exponentially. We will review the current understanding of RGC receptive fields (RFs) mostly from studies in mammals, but including work from other vertebrates as well. We will argue for a new paradigm that embraces the fluidit...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - June 24, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

NAD+ and sirtuins in retinal degenerative diseases: A look at future therapies
Publication date: Available online 12 June 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Jonathan B. Lin, Rajendra S. Apte Retinal degenerative diseases are a major cause of morbidity in modern society because visual impairment significantly decreases the quality of life of patients. A significant challenge in treating retinal degenerative diseases is their genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. However, despite this diversity, many of these diseases share a common endpoint involving death of light-sensitive photoreceptors. Identifying common pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to photoreceptor death in ...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - June 13, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Regulation of calcium homeostasis in the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors
Publication date: Available online 6 June 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Frans Vinberg, Jeannie Chen, Vladimir J. Kefalov Calcium plays important roles in the function and survival of rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Rapid regulation of calcium in the outer segments of photoreceptors is required for the modulation of phototransduction that drives the termination of the flash response as well as light adaptation in rods and cones. On a slower time scale, maintaining proper calcium homeostasis is critical for the health and survival of photoreceptors. Decades of work have established that t...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - June 6, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Zika and the Eye: Pieces of a Puzzle
Publication date: Available online 24 April 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): João Rafael de Oliveira Dias, Camila V. Ventura, Bruno de Paula Freitas, Juliana Prazeres, Liana O. Ventura, Vasco Bravo-Filho, Tomas Aleman, Albert Icksang Ko, Andréa Zin, Rubens Belfort, Mauricio Maia Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus mainly transmitted to humans by mosquitoes from Aedes genus. Other ways of transmission include the perinatal and sexual routes, blood transfusion, and laboratory exposure. Although the first human cases were registered in 1952 in African countries, outbreaks were only repo...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - May 24, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

The Drosophila light-activated TRP and TRPL channels - Targets of the phosphoinositide signaling cascade
Publication date: Available online 5 May 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Ben Katz, Baruch Minke The Drosophila light-activated Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel is the founding member of a large and diverse family of channel proteins. It is now established that TRP channels are evolutionarily conserved and are found in many organisms and tissues. This review outlines the progress made in our understanding of Drosophila phototransduction with a focus on the light sensitive TRP channels. The visual system of Drosophila has remarkable capabilities, such as single photon sensitivity, lo...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - May 6, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

A new perspective on lipid research in age-related macular degeneration
Publication date: Available online 4 May 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Elisabeth M. van Leeuwen, Eszter Emri, Benedicte M.J. Merle, Johanna M. Colijn, Eveline Kersten, Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire, Sascha Dammeier, Magda Meester-Smoor, Frances M. Pool, Eiko K. de Jong, Cécile Delcourt, Eduardo Rodrigez-Bocanegra, Marc Biarnés, Philip J. Luthert, Marius Ueffing, Caroline C.W. Klaver, Everson Nogoceke, Anneke I. den Hollander, Imre Lengyel There is an urgency to find new treatment strategies that could prevent or delay the onset or progression of AMD. Different classes of lipi...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - May 5, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

The pupillary light responses of animals; a review of their distribution, dynamics, mechanisms and functions
Publication date: Available online 1 May 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Ronald H. Douglas The timecourse and extent of changes in pupil area in response to light are reviewed in all classes of vertebrate and cephalopods. Although the speed and extent of these responses vary, most species, except the majority of teleost fish, show extensive changes in pupil area related to light exposure. The neuromuscular pathways underlying light-evoked pupil constriction are described and found to be relatively conserved, although the precise autonomic mechanisms differ somewhat between species. In mammals...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - May 2, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Ocular abnormalities in congenital Zika syndrome: are the ophthalmoscopic findings “the top of the iceberg”?
Publication date: Available online 24 April 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): João Rafael de Oliveira Dias, Camila V. Ventura, Bruno de Paula Freitas, Juliana Prazeres, Liana O. Ventura, Vasco Bravo-Filho, Tomas Aleman, Albert Icksang Ko, Andréa Zin, Rubens Belfort, Mauricio Maia Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus mainly transmitted to humans by mosquitoes from Aedes genus. Other ways of transmission include the perinatal and sexual routes, blood transfusion, and laboratory exposure. Although the first human cases were registered in 1952 in African countries, outbreaks were only repo...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - April 25, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Neuropathic keratopathy
Publication date: Available online 23 April 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Harminder S. Dua, Dalia G. Said, Elisabeth M. Messmer, Maurizio Rolando, Jose M. Benitez-del-Castillo, Parwez N. Hossain, Alex J. Shortt, Gerd Gerling, Mario Nubile, Francisco C. Figueiredo, Saaeha Rauz, Leonardo Mastropasqua, Paolo Rama, Christophe Baudouin Neurotrophic Keratopathy (NK) refers to a condition where corneal epitheliopathy leading to frank epithelial defect with or without stromal ulceration (melting) is associated with reduced or absent corneal sensations. Sensory nerves serve nociceptor a...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - April 24, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography
Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Marcus Ang, Mani Baskaran, René M. Werkmeister, Jacqueline Chua, Doreen Schmidl, Valentin Aranha dos Santos, Gerhard Garhöfer, Jodhbir S. Mehta, Leopold Schmetterer Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides non-contact, rapid in vivo imaging of ocular structures, and has become a key part of evaluating the anterior segment of the eye. Over the years, improvements to technology have increased the speed of capture and resolution of images, leading to the increasing impact of anterior segment OCT imaging on cl...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - April 8, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

The coma in glaucoma: Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and recovery
Publication date: Available online 6 April 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Lewis E. Fry, Eamonn Fahy, Vicki Chrysostomou, Flora Hui, Jessica Tang, Peter van Wijngaarden, Steven Petrou, Jonathan G. Crowston Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration causes vision loss in patients with glaucoma, and this has been generally considered to be irreversible due to RGC death. We question this assertion and summarise accumulating evidence that points to visual function improving in glaucoma patients with treatment, particularly in the early stages of disease. We propose that prior to death, RGCs ...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - April 7, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

The primate fovea: Structure, function and development
Publication date: Available online 30 March 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Andreas Bringmann, Steffen Syrbe, Katja Görner, Johannes Kacza, Mike Francke, Peter Wiedemann, Andreas Reichenbach A fovea is a pitted invagination in the inner retinal tissue (fovea interna) that overlies an area of photoreceptors specialized for high acuity vision (fovea externa). Although the shape of the vertebrate fovea varies considerably among the species, there are two basic types. The retina of many predatory fish, reptilians, and birds possess one (or two) convexiclivate fovea(s), while the retina of ...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - March 31, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Ocular treatment of choroidal melanoma in relation to the prevention of metastatic death – A personal view
Publication date: Available online 20 March 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Bertil Damato About 50% of patients with choroidal melanoma develop metastatic disease, despite successful eradication of the primary tumor. Patient care is complicated by the fact that we do not know whether ocular treatment ever influences survival and if so in whom. Some authorities believe that metastatic spread is never preventable, because it has always occurred by the time the ocular tumor is detected. Others hold the view that metastatic spread can occur late, at least in some patients, in whom timely and succ...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - March 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa
Publication date: Available online 27 March 2018 Source:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Author(s): Sanne K. Verbakel, Ramon A.C. van Huet, Camiel J.F. Boon, Anneke I. den Hollander, Rob W.J. Collin, Caroline C.W. Klaver, Carel B. Hoyng, Ronald Roepman, B. Jeroen Klevering Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) encompasses a group of inherited retinal dystrophies characterized by the primary degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors. RP is a leading cause of visual disability, with a worldwide prevalence of 1:4000. Although the majority of RP cases are non-syndromic, 20–30% of patients with RP also have an associated...
Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - March 28, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research