Zoonotic Potential of Emerging Paramyxoviruses: Knowns and Unknowns
Publication date: Available online 2 February 2017 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): P.A. Thibault, R.E. Watkinson, A. Moreira-Soto, J.F. Drexler, B. Lee The risk of spillover of enzootic paramyxoviruses and the susceptibility of recipient human and domestic animal populations are defined by a broad collection of ecological and molecular factors that interact in ways that are not yet fully understood. Nipah and Hendra viruses were the first highly lethal zoonotic paramyxoviruses discovered in modern times, but other paramyxoviruses from multiple genera are present in bats and other reservoirs that have un...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - February 2, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara
Publication date: 2017 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 97 Author(s): A. Volz, G. Sutter Safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for development of new candidate vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Historically, MVA was developed by serial tissue culture passage in primary chicken cells of vaccinia virus strain Ankara, and clinically used to avoid the undesirable side effects of conventional smallpox vaccination. Adapted to growth in avian cells MVA lost the ability to replicate in mammalian ho...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 4, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four Nonsegmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses —Structural Data Bring New Insights Into Nucleocapsid Assembly
Publication date: 2017 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 97 Author(s): M. Jamin, F. Yabukarski Viruses with a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome (NNVs) include important human pathogens as well as life-threatening zoonotic viruses. These viruses share a common RNA replication complex, including the genomic RNA and three proteins, the nucleoprotein (N), the phosphoprotein (P), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). During genome replication, the RNA polymerase complex first synthesizes positive-sense antigenomes, which in turn serve as template for the production of negative-sense progeny genomes. These n...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 4, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three Have NEC Coat, Will Travel
Publication date: 2017 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 97 Author(s): J.M. Bigalke, E.E. Heldwein Herpesviruses are unusual among enveloped viruses because they bud twice yet acquire a single envelope. Furthermore, unlike other DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus, herpesviruses do not exit it by passing through the nuclear pores or by rupturing the nuclear envelope. Instead, herpesviruses have a complex mechanism of nuclear escape whereby nascent capsids bud at the inner nuclear membrane to form perinuclear virions that subsequently fuse with the outer nuclear membrane, releasing capsids into the cytosol...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 4, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Two A Renaissance in Nepovirus Research Provides New Insights Into Their Molecular Interface With Hosts and Vectors
Publication date: 2017 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 97 Author(s): M. Fuchs, C. Schmitt-Keichinger, H. Sanfaçon Nepoviruses supplied seminal landmarks to the historical trail of plant virology. Among the first agriculturally relevant viruses recognized in the late 1920s and among the first plant viruses officially classified in the early 1970s, nepoviruses also comprise the first species for which a soil-borne ectoparasitic nematode vector was identified. Early research on nepoviruses shed light on the genome structure and expression, biological properties of the two genomic RNAs, and mode of transmission...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 4, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter One Biomedical and Catalytic Opportunities of Virus-Like Particles in Nanotechnology
Publication date: 2017 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 97 Author(s): B. Schwarz, M. Uchida, T. Douglas Within biology, molecules are arranged in hierarchical structures that coordinate and control the many processes that allow for complex organisms to exist. Proteins and other functional macromolecules are often studied outside their natural nanostructural context because it remains difficult to create controlled arrangements of proteins at this size scale. Viruses are elegantly simple nanosystems that exist at the interface of living organisms and nonliving biological machines. Studied and viewed primarily ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 4, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Insect-Specific Viruses: A Historical Overview and Recent Developments
Publication date: Available online 17 November 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): C.M. Roundy, S.R. Azar, S.L. Rossi, S.C. Weaver, N. Vasilakis Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have in recent years become a tremendous global health concern resulting in substantial human morbidity and mortality. With the widespread utilization of molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing and the advancement of bioinformatics tools, a new age of viral discovery has commenced. Many of the novel agents being discovered in recent years have been isolated from mosquitoes and exhibit a highly restricted ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - November 17, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Biomedical and Catalytic Opportunities of Virus-Like Particles in Nanotechnology
Publication date: Available online 8 November 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): B. Schwarz, M. Uchida, T. Douglas Within biology, molecules are arranged in hierarchical structures that coordinate and control the many processes that allow for complex organisms to exist. Proteins and other functional macromolecules are often studied outside their natural nanostructural context because it remains difficult to create controlled arrangements of proteins at this size scale. Viruses are elegantly simple nanosystems that exist at the interface of living organisms and nonliving biological machines. Studied and ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - November 8, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Nonsegmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses —Structural Data Bring New Insights Into Nucleocapsid Assembly
Publication date: Available online 5 October 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): M. Jamin, F. Yabukarski Viruses with a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome (NNVs) include important human pathogens as well as life-threatening zoonotic viruses. These viruses share a common RNA replication complex, including the genomic RNA and three proteins, the nucleoprotein (N), the phosphoprotein (P), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). During genome replication, the RNA polymerase complex first synthesizes positive-sense antigenomes, which in turn serve as template for the production of negative-sense progeny ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - October 4, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eight Molecular Basis of Coronavirus Virulence and Vaccine Development
Publication date: 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 96 Author(s): L. Enjuanes, S. Zuñiga, C. Castaño-Rodriguez, J. Gutierrez-Alvarez, J. Canton, I. Sola Virus vaccines have to be immunogenic, sufficiently stable, safe, and suitable to induce long-lasting immunity. To meet these requirements, vaccine studies need to provide a comprehensive understanding of (i) the protective roles of antiviral B and T-cell-mediated immune responses, (ii) the complexity and plasticity of major viral antigens, and (iii) virus molecular biology and pathogenesis. There are many types of vaccines including subunit vaccines...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - October 3, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Seven Interaction of SARS and MERS Coronaviruses with the Antiviral Interferon Response
Publication date: 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 96 Author(s): E. Kindler, V. Thiel, F. Weber Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are the most severe coronavirus (CoV)-associated diseases in humans. The causative agents, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, are of zoonotic origin but may be transmitted to humans, causing severe and often fatal respiratory disease in their new host. The two coronaviruses are thought to encode an unusually large number of factors that allow them to thrive and replicate in the presence of efficient host defense mechanisms, especially the...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - October 3, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Six Feline Coronaviruses
Publication date: 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 96 Author(s): G. Tekes, H.-J. Thiel Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) belongs to the few animal virus diseases in which, in the course of a generally harmless persistent infection, a virus acquires a small number of mutations that fundamentally change its pathogenicity, invariably resulting in a fatal outcome. The causative agent of this deadly disease, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), arises from feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). The review summarizes our current knowledge of the genome and proteome of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs), focusing...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - October 3, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five Viral and Cellular mRNA Translation in Coronavirus-Infected Cells
Publication date: 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 96 Author(s): K. Nakagawa, K.G. Lokugamage, S. Makino Coronaviruses have large positive-strand RNA genomes that are 5′ capped and 3′ polyadenylated. The 5′-terminal two-thirds of the genome contain two open reading frames (ORFs), 1a and 1b, that together make up the viral replicase gene and encode two large polyproteins that are processed by viral proteases into 15–16 nonstructural proteins, most of them being involved in viral RNA synthesis. ORFs located in the 3′-terminal one-third of the genome encode structural and accessory proteins and ar...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - October 3, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four Coronavirus cis-Acting RNA Elements
Publication date: 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 96 Author(s): R. Madhugiri, M. Fricke, M. Marz, J. Ziebuhr Coronaviruses have exceptionally large RNA genomes of approximately 30 kilobases. Genome replication and transcription is mediated by a multisubunit protein complex comprised of more than a dozen virus-encoded proteins. The protein complex is thought to bind specific cis-acting RNA elements primarily located in the 5′- and 3′-terminal genome regions and upstream of the open reading frames located in the 3′-proximal one-third of the genome. Here, we review our current understanding of coron...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - October 3, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three The Nonstructural Proteins Directing Coronavirus RNA Synthesis and Processing
Publication date: 2016 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 96 Author(s): E.J. Snijder, E. Decroly, J. Ziebuhr Coronaviruses are animal and human pathogens that can cause lethal zoonotic infections like SARS and MERS. They have polycistronic plus-stranded RNA genomes and belong to the order Nidovirales, a diverse group of viruses for which common ancestry was inferred from the common principles underlying their genome organization and expression, and from the conservation of an array of core replicase domains, including key RNA-synthesizing enzymes. Coronavirus genomes (~26–32 kilobases) are the largest RNA gen...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - October 3, 2016 Category: Virology Source Type: research
