Chapter Four - Water-Mediated Transmission of Plant, Animal, and Human Viruses
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Nataša Mehle, Ion Gutiérrez-Aguirre, Denis Kutnjak, Maja RavnikarAbstractViruses represent the most abundant and diverse of the biological entities in environmental waters, including the seas and probably also freshwater systems. They are important players in ecological networks in waters and influence global biochemical cycling and community composition dynamics. Among the many diverse viruses from terrestrial environments found in environmental waters, some are plant, animal, and/or human pathogens. The majority of pathogenic viral species f...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 11, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five - Evaluating the Importance of Environmental Persistence for Ranavirus Transmission and Epidemiology
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Jesse L. Brunner, Christian M. YarberAbstractViruses persist outside their hosts in a variety of forms, from naked virions to virus protected in sloughed tissues or carcasses, and for a range of times, all of which affect the likelihood and importance of transmission from the environment. This review synthesizes the literature on environmental persistence of viruses in the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), which are large double-stranded DNA viruses of ectothermic, often aquatic or semiaquatic vertebrates. Ranaviruses have been associated w...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 11, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Six - Plant and Insect Viruses in Managed and Natural Environments: Novel and Neglected Transmission Pathways
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Roger A.C. JonesAbstractThe capacity to spread by diverse transmission pathways enhances a virus’ ability to spread effectively and survive when circumstances change. This review aims to improve understanding of how plant and insect viruses spread through natural and managed environments by drawing attention to 12 novel or neglected virus transmission pathways whose contribution is underestimated. For plant viruses, the pathways reviewed are vertical and horizontal transmission via pollen, and horizontal transmission by parasitic plants, natur...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 11, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Seven - Evolutionary Determinants of Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Kerry E. Mauck, Quentin Chesnais, Lori R. ShapiroAbstractPlant viruses possess adaptations for facilitating acquisition, retention, and inoculation by vectors. Until recently, it was hypothesized that these adaptations are limited to virus proteins that enable virions to bind to vector mouthparts or invade their internal tissues. However, increasing evidence suggests that viruses can also manipulate host plant phenotypes and vector behaviors in ways that enhance their own transmission. Manipulation of vector–host interactions occurs through vi...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 11, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eight - Emerging Viruses in Bees: From Molecules to Ecology
We present a molecule-to-ecology framework to help address these issues, emphasizing the role of molecular mechanisms as key bottom-up drivers of change at higher ecological scales. We consider the bee–virus system to be an ideal one in which to apply this framework. Unlike many other animal models, bees constitute a well characterized and accessible multispecies assemblage, whose populations and interspecific interactions can be experimentally manipulated and monitored in high resolution across space and time to provide robust tests of prevailing theory. (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 11, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Nine - Ecological Complexity in Plant Virus Host Range Evolution
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Michael J. McLeish, Aurora Fraile, Fernando García-ArenalAbstractThe host range of a plant virus is the number of species in which it can reproduce. Most studies of plant virus host range evolution have focused on the genetics of host–pathogen interactions. However, the distribution and abundance of plant viruses and their hosts do not always overlap, and these spatial and temporal discontinuities in plant virus–host interactions can result in various ecological processes that shape host range evolution. Recent work shows that the distribut...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 11, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Series Page
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Contributors
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Preface to Volume 100: History and Looking Forward
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Margaret Kielian, Marilyn J. Roossinck (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter One - The Species Problem in Virology
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Marc H.V. Van RegenmortelAbstractVirus classification deals with conceptual species classes that have viruses as their members. A virus species cannot be described but can only be defined by listing certain species-defining properties of its member. However, it is not possible to define a virus species by using a single species-defining property. The new 2013 official definition of virus species is not appropriate because it applies equally to virus genera. A nucleotide motif is a chemical part of a viral genome and is not a species-defining pro...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Two - The Role of Immune Responses in HIV Mother-to-Child Transmission
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Caitlin Milligan, Jennifer A. Slyker, Julie OverbaughAbstractHIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) represents a success story in the HIV/AIDS field given the significant reduction in number of transmission events with the scale-up of antiretroviral treatment and other prevention methods. Nevertheless, MTCT still occurs and better understanding of the basic biology and immunology of transmission will aid in future prevention and treatment efforts. MTCT is a unique setting given that the transmission pair is known and the infant receives passive...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three - African Swine Fever Virus Biology and Vaccine Approaches
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Yolanda Revilla, Daniel Pérez-Núñez, Juergen A. RichtAbstractAfrican swine fever (ASF) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and the island of Sardinia, Italy. Since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of Georgia, and since then spread throughout the Caucasus region and Russia. Outbreaks have also been reported in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Moldova, Czech Republic, and Poland, thre...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four - Morbillivirus Pathogenesis and Virus–Host Interactions
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Kristin Pfeffermann, Mareike Dörr, Florian Zirkel, Veronika von MesslingAbstractDespite the availability of safe and effective vaccines against measles and several animal morbilliviruses, they continue to cause regular outbreaks and epidemics in susceptible populations. Morbilliviruses are highly contagious and share a similar pathogenesis in their respective hosts. This review provides an overview of morbillivirus history and the general replication cycle and recapitulates Morbillivirus pathogenesis focusing on common and unique aspects seen i...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five - Viruses of Plant-Interacting Fungi
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Bradley I. Hillman, Aulia Annisa, Nobuhiro SuzukiAbstractPlant-associated fungi are infected by viruses at the incidence rates from a few % to over 90%. Multiple viruses often coinfect fungal hosts, and occasionally alter their phenotypes, but most of the infections are asymptomatic. Phenotypic alterations are grouped into two types: harmful or beneficial to the host fungi. Harmful interactions between viruses and hosts include hypovirulence and/or debilitation that are documented in a number of phytopathogenic fungi, exemplified by the chestnut...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Six - Protein Localization and Interaction Studies in Plants: Toward Defining Complete Proteomes by Visualization
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Michael M. GoodinAbstractProtein interaction and localization studies in plants are a fundamental component of achieving mechanistic understanding of virus:plant interactions at the systems level. Many such studies are conducted using transient expression assays in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, the most widely used experimental plant host in virology, examined by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. This chapter provides a workflow for protein interaction and localization experiments, with particular attention to the many control and supportin...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
