Chapter Seven So What Have Plant Viruses Ever Done for Virology and Molecular Biology?
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): George P. Lomonossoff The discovery of a new class of pathogen, viruses, in the late 19th century, ushered in a period of study of the biochemical and structural properties of these entities in which plant viruses played a prominent role. This was, in large part, due to the relative ease with which sufficient quantities of material could be produced for such analyses. As analytical techniques became increasingly sensitive, similar studies could be performed on the viruses from other organisms. However, plant viruses continued to play an impo...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Six Protein Localization and Interaction Studies in Plants: Toward Defining Complete Proteomes by Visualization
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Michael M. Goodin Protein interaction and localization studies in plants are a fundamental component of achieving mechanistic understanding of virus:plant interactions at the systems level. Many such studies are conducted using transient expression assays in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, the most widely used experimental plant host in virology, examined by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. This chapter provides a workflow for protein interaction and localization experiments, with particular attention to the many control and supporting a...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five Viruses of Plant-Interacting Fungi
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Bradley I. Hillman, Aulia Annisa, Nobuhiro Suzuki Plant-associated fungi are infected by viruses at the incidence rates from a few % to over 90%. Multiple viruses often coinfect fungal hosts, and occasionally alter their phenotypes, but most of the infections are asymptomatic. Phenotypic alterations are grouped into two types: harmful or beneficial to the host fungi. Harmful interactions between viruses and hosts include hypovirulence and/or debilitation that are documented in a number of phytopathogenic fungi, exemplified by the chestnut ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four Morbillivirus Pathogenesis and Virus –Host Interactions
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Kristin Pfeffermann, Mareike Dörr, Florian Zirkel, Veronika von Messling Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines against measles and several animal morbilliviruses, they continue to cause regular outbreaks and epidemics in susceptible populations. Morbilliviruses are highly contagious and share a similar pathogenesis in their respective hosts. This review provides an overview of morbillivirus history and the general replication cycle and recapitulates Morbillivirus pathogenesis focusing on common and unique aspects seen i...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three African Swine Fever Virus Biology and Vaccine Approaches
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Yolanda Revilla, Daniel Pérez-Núñez, Juergen A. Richt African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and the island of Sardinia, Italy. Since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of Georgia, and since then spread throughout the Caucasus region and Russia. Outbreaks have also been reported in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Moldova, Czech Republic, and Poland, threa...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Two The Role of Immune Responses in HIV Mother-to-Child Transmission
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Caitlin Milligan, Jennifer A. Slyker, Julie Overbaugh HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) represents a success story in the HIV/AIDS field given the significant reduction in number of transmission events with the scale-up of antiretroviral treatment and other prevention methods. Nevertheless, MTCT still occurs and better understanding of the basic biology and immunology of transmission will aid in future prevention and treatment efforts. MTCT is a unique setting given that the transmission pair is known and the infant receives passivel...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter One The Species Problem in Virology
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Marc H.V. Van Regenmortel Virus classification deals with conceptual species classes that have viruses as their members. A virus species cannot be described but can only be defined by listing certain species-defining properties of its member. However, it is not possible to define a virus species by using a single species-defining property. The new 2013 official definition of virus species is not appropriate because it applies equally to virus genera. A nucleotide motif is a chemical part of a viral genome and is not a species-defining proper...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Preface to Volume 100: History and Looking Forward
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Margaret Kielian, Marilyn J. Roossinck (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses
Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Victor M. Corman, Doreen Muth, Daniela Niemeyer, Christian Drosten The four endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. While their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. For two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggest...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - February 17, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
How Does Vaccinia Virus Interfere With Interferon?
Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Geoffrey L. Smith, Callum Talbot-Cooper, Yongxu Lu Interferons (IFNs) are secreted glycoproteins that are produced by cells in response to virus infection and other stimuli and induce an antiviral state in cells bearing IFN receptors. In this way, IFNs restrict virus replication and spread before an adaptive immune response is developed. Viruses are very sensitive to the effects of IFNs and consequently have evolved many strategies to interfere with interferon. This is particularly well illustrated by poxviruses, which hav...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - February 17, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Intracellular Antiviral Immunity
Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Maria Bottermann, Leo C. James Innate immunity is traditionally thought of as the first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body. It is typically characterized as a rather weak defense mechanism, designed to restrict pathogen replication until the adaptive immune response generates a tailored response and eliminates the infectious agent. However, intensive research in recent years has resulted in better understanding of innate immunity as well as the discovery of many effector proteins, revealing its numerous p...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - February 17, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Morbillivirus Pathogenesis and Virus –Host Interactions
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Kristin Pfeffermann, Mareike Dörr, Florian Zirkel, Veronika von Messling Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines against measles and several animal morbilliviruses, they continue to cause regular outbreaks and epidemics in susceptible populations. Morbilliviruses are highly contagious and share a similar pathogenesis in their respective hosts. This review provides an overview of morbillivirus history and the general replication cycle and recapitulates Morbillivirus pathogenesis focusing on common and uniqu...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - February 2, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Filoviruses: Ecology, Molecular Biology, and Evolution
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Jackson Emanuel, Andrea Marzi, Heinz Feldmann The Filoviridae are a family of negative-strand RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus are well-known filoviruses which cause life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. In addition to severe pathogenesis, filoviruses also exhibit a propensity for human-to-human transmission by close contact, posing challenges to containment and crisis management. Past outbreaks, in particular the recent West ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - February 2, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
So What Have Plant Viruses Ever Done for Virology and Molecular Biology?
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): George P. Lomonossoff The discovery of a new class of pathogen, viruses, in the late 19th century, ushered in a period of study of the biochemical and structural properties of these entities in which plant viruses played a prominent role. This was, in large part, due to the relative ease with which sufficient quantities of material could be produced for such analyses. As analytical techniques became increasingly sensitive, similar studies could be performed on the viruses from other organisms. However, plant viruses continued...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - February 2, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Viruses of Plant-Interacting Fungi
Publication date: Available online 21 November 2017 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Bradley I. Hillman, Aulia Annisa, Nobuhiro Suzuki Plant-associated fungi are infected by viruses at the incidence rates from a few % to over 90%. Multiple viruses often coinfect fungal hosts, and occasionally alter their phenotypes, but most of the infections are asymptomatic. Phenotypic alterations are grouped into two types: harmful or beneficial to the host fungi. Harmful interactions between viruses and hosts include hypovirulence and/or debilitation that are documented in a number of phytopathogenic fungi, exemplified...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - November 22, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research
