Chapter Seven - So What Have Plant Viruses Ever Done for Virology and Molecular Biology?
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): George P. LomonossoffAbstractThe discovery of a new class of pathogen, viruses, in the late 19th century, ushered in a period of study of the biochemical and structural properties of these entities in which plant viruses played a prominent role. This was, in large part, due to the relative ease with which sufficient quantities of material could be produced for such analyses. As analytical techniques became increasingly sensitive, similar studies could be performed on the viruses from other organisms. However, plant viruses continued to play an i...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eight - Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Victor M. Corman, Doreen Muth, Daniela Niemeyer, Christian DrostenAbstractThe four endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. While their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. For two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggesting an origin in ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Nine - Filoviruses: Ecology, Molecular Biology, and Evolution
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Jackson Emanuel, Andrea Marzi, Heinz FeldmannAbstractThe Filoviridae are a family of negative-strand RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus are well-known filoviruses which cause life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. In addition to severe pathogenesis, filoviruses also exhibit a propensity for human-to-human transmission by close contact, posing challenges to containment and crisis management. Past outbreaks, in particular the recent West African EBOV ep...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Ten - An Orchestra of Reovirus Receptors: Still Searching for the Conductor
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Danica M. Sutherland, Pavithra Aravamudhan, Terence S. DermodyAbstractViruses are constantly engaged in a molecular arms race with the host, where efficient and tactical use of cellular receptors benefits critical steps in infection. Receptor use dictates initiation, establishment, and spread of viral infection to new tissues and hosts. Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) are pervasive pathogens that use multiple receptors to overcome protective host barriers to disseminate from sites of initial infection and cause disease in young mammals. I...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eleven - Antiviral Immune Response and the Route of Infection in Drosophila melanogaster
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Juan A. Mondotte, Maria-Carla SalehAbstractThe use of Drosophila as a model organism has made an important contribution to our understanding of the function and regulation of innate immunity in insects. Indeed, insects can discriminate between different types of pathogens and mount specific and effective responses. Strikingly, the same pathogen can trigger a different immune response in the same organism, depending solely on the route of infection by which the pathogen is delivered. In this review, we recapitulate what is known about antiviral r...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Twelve - Changing Role of Wild Birds in the Epidemiology of Avian Influenza A Viruses
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Rogier Bodewes, Thijs KuikenAbstractWaterbirds are the main reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV), from which occasional spillover to poultry occurs. When circulating among poultry, LPAIV may become highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV). In recent years, the epidemiology of HPAIV viruses has changed drastically. HPAIV H5N1 are currently endemic among poultry in a number of countries. In addition, global spread of HPAIV H5Nx viruses has resulted in major outbreaks among wild birds and poultry worldwide. Usin...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Thirteen - Intracellular Antiviral Immunity
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Maria Bottermann, Leo C. JamesAbstractInnate immunity is traditionally thought of as the first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body. It is typically characterized as a rather weak defense mechanism, designed to restrict pathogen replication until the adaptive immune response generates a tailored response and eliminates the infectious agent. However, intensive research in recent years has resulted in better understanding of innate immunity as well as the discovery of many effector proteins, revealing its numerous powerful mechani...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Fourteen - How Does Vaccinia Virus Interfere With Interferon?
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100Author(s): Geoffrey L. Smith, Callum Talbot-Cooper, Yongxu LuAbstractInterferons (IFNs) are secreted glycoproteins that are produced by cells in response to virus infection and other stimuli and induce an antiviral state in cells bearing IFN receptors. In this way, IFNs restrict virus replication and spread before an adaptive immune response is developed. Viruses are very sensitive to the effects of IFNs and consequently have evolved many strategies to interfere with interferon. This is particularly well illustrated by poxviruses, which have large dsDNA ge...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Series Page
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Contributors
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Preface
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Carolyn M. Malmstrom (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter One - Viruses in Marine Ecosystems: From Open Waters to Coral Reefs
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Karen D. WeynbergAbstractViruses infect all kingdoms of marine life from bacteria to whales. Viruses in the world's oceans play important roles in the mortality of phytoplankton, and as drivers of evolution and biogeochemical cycling. They shape host population abundance and distribution and can lead to the termination of algal blooms. As discoveries about this huge reservoir of genetic and biological diversity grow, our understanding of the major influences viruses exert in the global marine environment continues to expand. This chapter discuss...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Two - Viruses in Polar Lake and Soil Ecosystems
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Alberto Rastrojo, Antonio AlcamíAbstractViruses play an important role in the control of microbial communities, and it has been suggested that the influence of viruses in polar ecosystems, with low nutrients and under extreme environmental conditions, may be greater. Viral metagenomics allows the genetic characterization of complex viral communities without the need to isolate and grow viruses. Recent investigations in Antarctica and the Arctic are uncovering a great diversity of DNA viruses, including bacteriophages, circular single-stranded D...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three - From Spatial Metagenomics to Molecular Characterization of Plant Viruses: A Geminivirus Case Study
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Sohini Claverie, Pauline Bernardo, Simona Kraberger, Penelope Hartnady, Pierre Lefeuvre, Jean-Michel Lett, Serge Galzi, Denis Filloux, Gordon W. Harkins, Arvind Varsani, Darren P. Martin, Philippe RoumagnacAbstractThe number of plant viruses that are known likely remains only a vanishingly small fraction of all extant plant virus species. Consequently, the distribution and population dynamics of plant viruses within even the best-studied ecosystems have only ever been studied for small groups of virus species. Even for the best studied of these ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four - Water-Mediated Transmission of Plant, Animal, and Human Viruses
Publication date: 2018Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 101Author(s): Nataša Mehle, Ion Gutiérrez-Aguirre, Denis Kutnjak, Maja RavnikarAbstractViruses represent the most abundant and diverse of the biological entities in environmental waters, including the seas and probably also freshwater systems. They are important players in ecological networks in waters and influence global biochemical cycling and community composition dynamics. Among the many diverse viruses from terrestrial environments found in environmental waters, some are plant, animal, and/or human pathogens. The majority of pathogenic viral species f...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
