Emerging Viruses in Bees: From Molecules to Ecology
We present a molecule-to-ecology framework to help address these issues, emphasizing the role of molecular mechanisms as key bottom-up drivers of change at higher ecological scales. We consider the bee–virus system to be an ideal one in which to apply this framework. Unlike many other animal models, bees constitute a well characterized and accessible multispecies assemblage, whose populations and interspecific interactions can be experimentally manipulated and monitored in high resolution across space and time to provide robust tests of prevailing theory. (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - May 8, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Viruses in Marine Ecosystems: From Open Waters to Coral Reefs
Publication date: Available online 7 May 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Karen D. Weynberg Viruses infect all kingdoms of marine life from bacteria to whales. Viruses in the world's oceans play important roles in the mortality of phytoplankton, and as drivers of evolution and biogeochemical cycling. They shape host population abundance and distribution and can lead to the termination of algal blooms. As discoveries about this huge reservoir of genetic and biological diversity grow, our understanding of the major influences viruses exert in the global marine environment continues to expand. This chapter...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - May 8, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Evolutionary Determinants of Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses
Publication date: Available online 7 May 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Kerry E. Mauck, Quentin Chesnais, Lori R. Shapiro Plant viruses possess adaptations for facilitating acquisition, retention, and inoculation by vectors. Until recently, it was hypothesized that these adaptations are limited to virus proteins that enable virions to bind to vector mouthparts or invade their internal tissues. However, increasing evidence suggests that viruses can also manipulate host plant phenotypes and vector behaviors in ways that enhance their own transmission. Manipulation of vector–host interactions occurs ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - May 8, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Viruses in Polar Lake and Soil Ecosystems
Publication date: Available online 26 April 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Alberto Rastrojo, Antonio Alcamí Viruses play an important role in the control of microbial communities, and it has been suggested that the influence of viruses in polar ecosystems, with low nutrients and under extreme environmental conditions, may be greater. Viral metagenomics allows the genetic characterization of complex viral communities without the need to isolate and grow viruses. Recent investigations in Antarctica and the Arctic are uncovering a great diversity of DNA viruses, including bacteriophages, circular singl...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - April 27, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Ecological Complexity in Plant Virus Host Range Evolution
Publication date: Available online 26 April 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Michael J. McLeish, Aurora Fraile, Fernando García-Arenal The host range of a plant virus is the number of species in which it can reproduce. Most studies of plant virus host range evolution have focused on the genetics of host–pathogen interactions. However, the distribution and abundance of plant viruses and their hosts do not always overlap, and these spatial and temporal discontinuities in plant virus–host interactions can result in various ecological processes that shape host range evolution. Recent work shows that ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - April 27, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Water-Mediated Transmission of Plant, Animal, and Human Viruses
Publication date: Available online 26 April 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Nataša Mehle, Ion Gutiérrez-Aguirre, Denis Kutnjak, Maja Ravnikar Viruses represent the most abundant and diverse of the biological entities in environmental waters, including the seas and probably also freshwater systems. They are important players in ecological networks in waters and influence global biochemical cycling and community composition dynamics. Among the many diverse viruses from terrestrial environments found in environmental waters, some are plant, animal, and/or human pathogens. The majority of pathogenic v...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - April 27, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Evaluating the Importance of Environmental Persistence for Ranavirus Transmission and Epidemiology
Publication date: Available online 26 April 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Jesse L. Brunner, Christian M. Yarber Viruses persist outside their hosts in a variety of forms, from naked virions to virus protected in sloughed tissues or carcasses, and for a range of times, all of which affect the likelihood and importance of transmission from the environment. This review synthesizes the literature on environmental persistence of viruses in the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), which are large double-stranded DNA viruses of ectothermic, often aquatic or semiaquatic vertebrates. Ranaviruses have been ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - April 27, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Plant and Insect Viruses in Managed and Natural Environments: Novel and Neglected Transmission Pathways
Publication date: Available online 26 April 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research Author(s): Roger A.C. Jones The capacity to spread by diverse transmission pathways enhances a virus’ ability to spread effectively and survive when circumstances change. This review aims to improve understanding of how plant and insect viruses spread through natural and managed environments by drawing attention to 12 novel or neglected virus transmission pathways whose contribution is underestimated. For plant viruses, the pathways reviewed are vertical and horizontal transmission via pollen, and horizontal transmission by parasitic pl...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - April 27, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Fourteen How Does Vaccinia Virus Interfere With Interferon?
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Geoffrey L. Smith, Callum Talbot-Cooper, Yongxu Lu Interferons (IFNs) are secreted glycoproteins that are produced by cells in response to virus infection and other stimuli and induce an antiviral state in cells bearing IFN receptors. In this way, IFNs restrict virus replication and spread before an adaptive immune response is developed. Viruses are very sensitive to the effects of IFNs and consequently have evolved many strategies to interfere with interferon. This is particularly well illustrated by poxviruses, which have large dsDNA gen...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Thirteen Intracellular Antiviral Immunity
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Maria Bottermann, Leo C. James Innate immunity is traditionally thought of as the first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body. It is typically characterized as a rather weak defense mechanism, designed to restrict pathogen replication until the adaptive immune response generates a tailored response and eliminates the infectious agent. However, intensive research in recent years has resulted in better understanding of innate immunity as well as the discovery of many effector proteins, revealing its numerous powerful mechanism...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Twelve Changing Role of Wild Birds in the Epidemiology of Avian Influenza A Viruses
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Rogier Bodewes, Thijs Kuiken Waterbirds are the main reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV), from which occasional spillover to poultry occurs. When circulating among poultry, LPAIV may become highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV). In recent years, the epidemiology of HPAIV viruses has changed drastically. HPAIV H5N1 are currently endemic among poultry in a number of countries. In addition, global spread of HPAIV H5Nx viruses has resulted in major outbreaks among wild birds and poultry worldwide. Using ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eleven Antiviral Immune Response and the Route of Infection in Drosophila melanogaster
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Juan A. Mondotte, Maria-Carla Saleh The use of Drosophila as a model organism has made an important contribution to our understanding of the function and regulation of innate immunity in insects. Indeed, insects can discriminate between different types of pathogens and mount specific and effective responses. Strikingly, the same pathogen can trigger a different immune response in the same organism, depending solely on the route of infection by which the pathogen is delivered. In this review, we recapitulate what is known about antiviral res...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Ten An Orchestra of Reovirus Receptors: Still Searching for the Conductor
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Danica M. Sutherland, Pavithra Aravamudhan, Terence S. Dermody Viruses are constantly engaged in a molecular arms race with the host, where efficient and tactical use of cellular receptors benefits critical steps in infection. Receptor use dictates initiation, establishment, and spread of viral infection to new tissues and hosts. Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) are pervasive pathogens that use multiple receptors to overcome protective host barriers to disseminate from sites of initial infection and cause disease in young mammals. In...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Nine Filoviruses: Ecology, Molecular Biology, and Evolution
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Jackson Emanuel, Andrea Marzi, Heinz Feldmann The Filoviridae are a family of negative-strand RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus are well-known filoviruses which cause life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. In addition to severe pathogenesis, filoviruses also exhibit a propensity for human-to-human transmission by close contact, posing challenges to containment and crisis management. Past outbreaks, in particular the recent West African EBOV epi...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eight Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses
Publication date: 2018 Source:Advances in Virus Research, Volume 100 Author(s): Victor M. Corman, Doreen Muth, Daniela Niemeyer, Christian Drosten The four endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. While their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. For two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggesting an origin in ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
