Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in ART-naïve patients with HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual infection in Guinea-Bissau: a cross-sectional study
Conclusions DM prevalence was higher among younger patients compared with the background population in Bissau. Traditional risk factors for DM such as advancing age and a family history of DM apply also for ART-naïve patients with HIV. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - April 12, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Steiniche, D., Jespersen, S., Erikstrup, C., Krarup, H., Handberg, A., Ostergaard, L., Haraldsdottir, T., Medina, C., Gomes Correira, F., Laursen, A. L., Bjerregaard-Andersen, M., Wejse, C., Honge, B. L., for the Bissau HIV Cohort study group, for the Bis Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

TB vaccine development and the End TB Strategy: importance and current status
The objectives of this manuscript are to summarize the status of the clinical TB vaccine pipeline; to assess the challenges facing the TB development field; and to discuss some of the key strategies being embraced by the field to overcome these challenges. Currently, 8 of the 13 vaccines in clinical development are subunit vaccines; 6 of these contain or express either Ag85A or Ag85B proteins. A major challenge to TB vaccine development is the lack of diversity in both the antigens included in TB vaccines, and the immune responses elicited by TB vaccine candidates. Both will need to be expanded to maximise the potential fo...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - April 12, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Fletcher, H. A., Schrager, L. Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research

Emergence or improved detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Himalayan highlands?
The emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the Himalayan highlands is of significant veterinary and public health concern and may be related to climate warming and anthropogenic landscape change, or simply improved surveillance. To investigate this phenomenon, a One Health approach focusing on the phylogeography of JEV, the distribution and abundance of the mosquito vectors, and seroprevalence in humans and animal reservoirs would be useful to understand the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in highland areas. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - April 12, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Baylis, M., Barker, C. M., Caminade, C., Joshi, B. R., Pant, G. R., Rayamajhi, A., Reisen, W. K., Impoinvil, D. E. Tags: COMMENTARY Source Type: research

Search and one will find: Zika virus everywhere
(Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - April 12, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Higgs, S., Vanlandingham, D. L. Tags: EDITORIAL Source Type: research

Effectiveness of a conditional cash transfer programme on TB cure rate: a retrospective cohort study in Brazil
Conclusions Although further research is needed, this study suggests that conditional cash transfer programmes can contribute to improve TB cure rate in Brazil. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Torrens, A. W., Rasella, D., Boccia, D., Maciel, E. L. N., Nery, J. S., Olson, Z. D., Barreira, D. C. N., Sanchez, M. N. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Alternative medicine: an ethnographic study of how practitioners of Indian medical systems manage TB in Mumbai
Conclusions Important sources of health care in Mumbai's slums, AYUSH physicians frequently use biomedical therapies and most refer patients with TB to chest physicians or the public sector. They are integral to TB care and control. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: McDowell, A., Pai, M. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Drug-resistant TB: deadly, costly and in need of a vaccine
TB is an underappreciated public health threat in developed nations. In 2014, an estimated 9.6 million TB cases and 1.5 million deaths occurred worldwide; 3.3% of these cases resulted from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) strains. These figures underestimate the economic burden associated with MDR-TB and XDR-TB, as the cost of treating disease caused by these strains can be 9–25 times higher than treating drug-susceptible TB. Developing new drugs, improved diagnostics and new TB vaccines are critical components of a strategy to combat TB in general, and dr...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Manjelievskaia, J., Erck, D., Piracha, S., Schrager, L. Tags: REVIEWS Source Type: research

Detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine is indicative of disseminated TB with renal involvement in patients living with HIV and advanced immunodeficiency: evidence and implications
TB is the leading cause of HIV/AIDS-related deaths globally. New diagnostic tools are urgently needed to avert deaths from undiagnosed HIV-associated TB. Although simple assays that detect lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine have been commercially available for years, their specific role and utility were initially misunderstood, such that they have been slower to emerge from the diagnostics pipeline than otherwise might have been expected. In this article, we review and explain how urine-LAM assays should be understood as diagnostics for disseminated TB in HIV-positive patients with advanced immunodeficiency, in whom haematog...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Lawn, S. D., Gupta-Wright, A. Tags: REVIEWS Source Type: research

Addressing diabetes mellitus as part of the strategy for ending TB
As we enter the new era of Sustainable Development Goals, the international community has committed to ending the TB epidemic by 2030 through implementation of an ambitious strategy to reduce TB-incidence and TB-related mortality and avoiding catastrophic costs for TB-affected families. Diabetes mellitus (DM) triples the risk of TB and increases the probability of adverse TB treatment outcomes such as failure, death and recurrent TB. The rapidly escalating global epidemic of DM means that DM needs to be addressed if TB-related milestones and targets are to be achieved. WHO and the International Union Against Tuberculosis a...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Harries, A. D., Kumar, A. M. V., Satyanarayana, S., Lin, Y., Zachariah, R., Lönnroth, K., Kapur, A. Tags: REVIEWS Source Type: research

Management of multidrug-resistant TB: novel treatments and their expansion to low resource settings
Despite overall progress in global TB control, the rising burden of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) threatens to undermine efforts to end the worldwide epidemic. Of the 27 countries classified as high burden for MDR-TB, 17 are in ‘low’ or ‘low–middle’ income countries. Shorter, all oral and less toxic multidrug combinations are required to improve treatment outcomes in these settings. Suitability for safe co-administration with HIV drugs is also desirable. A range of strategies and several new drugs (including bedaquiline, delamanid and linezolid) are currently undergoing advanced clinical eva...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Sloan, D. J., Lewis, J. M. Tags: REVIEWS Source Type: research

Can China achieve the WHO global targets for TB control by 2035?
To reach the ambitious WHO TB global targets by 2035, it is likely that China will need a comprehensive strategy that builds on its existing high-quality directly observed treatment, short-course program. This will require optimizing the use of existing tools within a changing health system landscape. In addition, new tools are needed to identify and treat TB in high-risk groups and in older people, who are a growing driver of disease incidence. Lastly, strategies are needed to address the proximate risk factors and social determinants that underlie trends in TB burden. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropica...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Huynh, G. H. Tags: COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

TB control: challenges and opportunities for India
India's TB control programme has treated over 19 million patients, but the incidence of TB continues to be high. TB is a major killer and drug-resistant TB is a growing threat. There are several likely reasons, including social conditions and co-morbidities that fuel the TB epidemic: under-investment by the government, weak programme implementation and management, suboptimal quality of care in the private sector, and insufficient advocacy around TB. Fortunately, India possesses the technical know-how, competence and resources to address these challenges. The End TB Strategy by WHO offers India an excellent blueprint to adv...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Pai, M., Daftary, A., Satyanarayana, S. Tags: COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Childhood TB: can the End TB Strategy deliver?
The accelerated reductions in global TB incidence required to achieve the End TB Strategy goal will result in reductions in the burden of childhood TB. Contact screening and preventive therapy have emerged as important components of TB burden reduction, and family-centered approaches could be an effective route in delivering these activities. Lack of accurate diagnostics for children remains a critical barrier and a need remains for better collaborative and supportive links between the child health and TB control sectors. Irrespective of whether the ambitious targets can be achieved, the unprecedented opportunities provide...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Seddon, J. A., Graham, S. M. Tags: COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Investing to end epidemics: the role of the Global Fund to control TB by 2030
The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria provides over three-quarters of all international financing towards TB programs with US$4.7 billion disbursed, supporting provision of treatment for 13.2 million patients with smear-positive TB and 210 000 patients with multidrug-resistant TB in over 100 countries since 2002. In 2013, the Global Fund launched a new funding model that, among others, is advancing strategic investments to maximize impact, addressing ‘missing’ TB cases, enhancing a synergistic response to TB/HIV dual epidemics, and building resilient and sustainable systems for health. A new G...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Kunii, O., Yassin, M. A., Wandwalo, E. Tags: COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

A world of cities and the end of TB
The WHO's End TB Strategy aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% between 2015 and 2035. As the world rapidly urbanizes, more people could have access to better infrastructure and services to help combat poverty and infectious diseases, including TB. And yet large numbers of people now live in overcrowded slums, with poor access to urban health services, amplifying the burden of TB. An alignment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health and for urban development provides an opportunity to accelerate the overall decline in infection and disease, and to create cities free of TB. (Source: Transaction...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - February 16, 2016 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Prasad, A., Ross, A., Rosenberg, P., Dye, C. Tags: COMMENTARIES Source Type: research