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Ready to benefit from training: heterologous effects of early life immunization
Trained immunity reflects the ability of the innate immune system to adapt via epigenetic changes in monocytes, enhancing responses to a range of microbes, thereby potentially reducing infection in high-risk populations. Examples of trained immunity at birth include enhanced resistance to infection in TLR-simulated newborn mice, reduced risk of late onset sepsis with histologic chorioamnionitis and beneficial heterologous effects of neonatal bacille Calmette-Guérin administration in reducing diverse infections during infancy. Future efforts will assess leveraging trained immunity in early life by administering &lsqu...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - January 8, 2015 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Levy, O., Levy, O. Tags: COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Vaccines have sex differential non-targeted heterologous effects: a new dawn in vaccine research
(Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - January 8, 2015 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Flanagan, K. L. Tags: EDITORIAL Source Type: research

Thank you to our Authors and Reviewers of 2014
(Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Tags: THANK YOU Source Type: research

Feasibility of a preventive mass vaccination campaign with two doses of oral cholera vaccine during a humanitarian emergency in South Sudan
Conclusions The vaccination of a large population in an emergency context proved to be feasible and acceptable and achieved high coverage. This is encouraging and is a way forward for reducing cholera related morbidity and mortality among vulnerable populations. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Porta, M. I., Lenglet, A., de Weerdt, S., Crestani, R., Sinke, R., Jo Frawley, M., Van Herp, M., Zachariah, R. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Helminth prevalence among adults in rural Kenya: a stool survey for soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis in Nyanza province
Conclusions Adult STH prevalence was lower than previous studies of children from the same village. Adults with the identified risk factors had a prevalence of ≥20%, which may warrant periodic, targeted deworming of adults with these risk factors given the low cost and low toxicity of anthelmintic drugs. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Andereck, J. W., Kipp, A. M., Ondiek, M., Vermund, S. H. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in children with atopy
Conclusions Although no statistical association was found between human toxocariasis and atopy, this study revealed a high seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in children that may indicate environmental contamination with the parasite's eggs in the area where these children live. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Grama, D. F., Lescano, S. Z., Pereira Mota, K. C., Anjos Pultz, B. d., Miranda, J. S., Silva Segundo, G. R., Taketomi, E. A., Fernandes, K. P., Limongi, J. E., de Paula, F. M., Chieffi, P. P., Cury, M. C. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Predictors of mortality in leptospirosis: an observational study from two hospitals in Kolkata, eastern India
Conclusions Multivariate analysis showed high AAR and delayed antibiotic therapy might be associated with fatality. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Goswami, R. P., Goswami, R. P., Basu, A., Tripathi, S. K., Chakrabarti, S., Chattopadhyay, I. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal carriage in rural and urban northern Vietnam
Conclusions Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus is present in one-third of the Vietnamese population, and is more prevalent among children. Pharyngeal carriage is more common than nasal carriage. Risk factors for S. aureus (including MRSA) carriage are identified in the community. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Van Nguyen, K., Zhang, T., Thi Vu, B. N., Dao, T. T., Tran, T. K., Thi Nguyen, D. N., Thi Tran, H. K., Thi Nguyen, C. K., Fox, A., Horby, P., Wertheim, H. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Prevalence and risk factors related to intestinal parasites among children in Department of Rio San Juan, Nicaragua
Conclusions Government efforts should be focused on controlling the risk factors associated with these enteroparasites, with health education programmes in rural areas of Nicaragua. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Munoz-Antoli, C., Pavon, A., Marcilla, A., Toledo, R., Esteban, J. G. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Development and validation of serological assays for viral hemorrhagic fevers and determination of the prevalence of Rift Valley fever in Borno State, Nigeria
Conclusions The seroprevalence of RVF was significantly higher than that of LASV and CCHF in Borno State, Nigeria. The RVFVpv-based neutralization assay developed in this study has the potential to replace the traditional assays based on live viruses for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of RVF. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Bukbuk, D. N., Fukushi, S., Tani, H., Yoshikawa, T., Taniguchi, S., Iha, K., Fukuma, A., Shimojima, M., Morikawa, S., Saijo, M., Kasolo, F., Baba, S. S. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Quantifying the physical and socio-economic burden of filarial lymphoedema in Chikwawa District, Malawi
Conclusions Filarial lymphoedema causes significant hardship, particularly in relation to ADLAs, and the scale of the problem needs to be better defined with new specific tools so that the best support and care can be provided to those in greatest need. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Martindale, S., Mkwanda, S. Z., Smith, E., Molyneux, D., Stanton, M. C., Kelly-Hope, L. A. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

Lymphatic filariasis morbidity mapping: a comprehensive examination of lymphoedema burden in Chikwawa district, Malawi
Conclusions Current case detection methods underestimate the burden of lymphoedema in Malawi. There is a continued need to develop new LF morbidity identification and surveillance approaches to ensure that future morbidity management strategies are effectively targeted. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Smith, E. L., Mkwanda, S. Z., Martindale, S., Kelly-Hope, L. A., Stanton, M. C. Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: research

High dose corticosteroids in severe leptospirosis: a systematic review
The role of corticosteroids in the treatment of severe leptospirosis is unclear. The rationale for their use is that, in severe leptospirosis, there is a severe immunological response that is harmful to the host resulting in multi-organ dysfunction, which is potentially offset by the nonspecific immunosuppression of high dose steroids. We conducted a systematic review of studies that have assessed the use of high dose corticosteroids in patients with severe leptospirosis by searching MEDLINE and Scopus SciVerse without any language or time restrictions. We identified five studies, including one open randomized clinical tri...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Rodrigo, C., Lakshitha de Silva, N., Goonaratne, R., Samarasekara, K., Wijesinghe, I., Parththipan, B., Rajapakse, S. Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research

Ebola: controlling the nightmare
(Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Carson, G. L., Dunning, J., Longuere, K. S., Brooks, W. A. Tags: EDITORIAL Source Type: research

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(Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 14, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Tags: COVER/STANDING MATERIAL Source Type: research