Rapid changes in gene expression direct rapid shifts in intestinal form and function in the Burmese python after feeding
Snakes provide a unique and valuable model system for studying the extremes of physiological remodeling because of the ability of some species to rapidly upregulate organ form and function upon feeding. The predominant model species used to study such extreme responses has been the Burmese python because of the extreme nature of postfeeding response in this species. We analyzed the Burmese python intestine across a time series, before, during, and after feeding to understand the patterns and timing of changes in gene expression and their relationship to changes in intestinal form and function upon feeding. Our results indi...
Source: Physiological Genomics - May 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Andrew, A. L., Card, D. C., Ruggiero, R. P., Schield, D. R., Adams, R. H., Pollock, D. D., Secor, S. M., Castoe, T. A. Tags: Regulation of Gene Expression Source Type: research
Lipid exposure elicits differential responses in gene expression and DNA methylation in primary human skeletal muscle cells from severely obese women
The skeletal muscle of obese individuals exhibits an impaired ability to increase the expression of genes linked with fatty acid oxidation (FAO) upon lipid exposure. The present study determined if this response could be attributed to differential DNA methylation signatures. RNA and DNA were isolated from primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC) from lean and severely obese women following lipid incubation. mRNA expression and DNA methylation were quantified for genes that globally regulate FAO [PPAR coactivator (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs)]. Wit...
Source: Physiological Genomics - May 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Maples, J. M., Brault, J. J., Shewchuk, B. M., Witczak, C. A., Zou, K., Rowland, N., Hubal, M. J., Weber, T. M., Houmard, J. A. Tags: Regulation of Gene Expression Source Type: research
Polymorphisms within the APOBR gene are highly associated with milk levels of prognostic ketosis biomarkers in dairy cows
Essentially all high-yielding dairy cows experience a negative energy balance during early lactation leading to increased lipomobilization, which is a normal physiological response. However, a severe energy deficit may lead to high levels of ketone bodies and, subsequently, to subclinical or clinical ketosis. It has previously been reported that the ratio of glycerophosphocholine to phosphocholine in milk is a prognostic biomarker for the risk of ketosis in dairy cattle. It was hypothesized that this ratio reflects the ability to break down blood phosphatidylcholine as a fatty acid resource. In the current study, 248 anima...
Source: Physiological Genomics - April 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Tetens, J., Heuer, C., Heyer, I., Klein, M. S., Gronwald, W., Junge, W., Oefner, P. J., Thaller, G., Krattenmacher, N. Tags: Molecular Genetics of Complex Traits Source Type: research
Transcriptomes reveal alterations in gravity impact circadian clocks and activate mechanotransduction pathways with adaptation through epigenetic change
Few studies have investigated the impact of alterations in gravity on mammalian transcriptomes. Here, we describe the impact of spaceflight on mammary transcriptome of late pregnant rats and the effect of hypergravity exposure on mammary, liver, and adipose transcriptomes in late pregnancy and at the onset of lactation. RNA was isolated from mammary collected on pregnancy day 20 from rats exposed to spaceflight from days 11 to 20 of gestation. To measure the impact of hypergravity on mammary, liver, and adipose transcriptomes we isolated RNA from tissues collected on P20 and lactation day 1 from rats exposed to hypergravit...
Source: Physiological Genomics - April 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Casey, T., Patel, O. V., Plaut, K. Tags: General Interest Source Type: research
Disruptions in follicle cell functions in the ovaries of rhesus monkeys during summer
Oocytes isolated from female rhesus monkeys following standard ovarian stimulation protocols during the summer months displayed a reduced capacity to mature compared with stimulation during the normal breeding season. Because the gene expression profiles of oocyte-associated cumulus cells and mural granulosa cells (CCs and GCs) are indicative of altered oocyte quality and can provide insight into intrafollicular processes that may be disrupted during oogenesis, we performed array-based transcriptome comparisons of CCs and GCs from summer and normal breeding season stimulation cycles. Summer CCs and GCs both display deficie...
Source: Physiological Genomics - April 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: VandeVoort, C. A., Mtango, N. R., Midic, U., Latham, K. E. Tags: Regulation of Gene Expression Source Type: research
Modulation of the immune system during postpartum uterine inflammation
The objective of this study was to characterize genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression in the endometrium of dairy cows with subclinical endometritis (SCE). Endometrial tissues were obtained at 29 days postpartum (n = 12), and microarrays were used to characterize transcription and DNA methylation. Analyses revealed 1,856 probes differentially expressed in animals with SCE (n = 6) compared with controls (CON, n = 6, P < 0.05, Storey Multiple testing correction) and 2,976 probes with significant correlation between gene expression and bacteriology score. No significant associations among DNA methylation and gene...
Source: Physiological Genomics - April 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Walker, C. G., Meier, S., Hussein, H., McDougall, S., Burke, C. R., Roche, J. R., Mitchell, M. D. Tags: Call for Papers: Epigenetics and Epigenomics Source Type: research
Comparative transcriptome profiling in human bicuspid aortic valve disease using RNA sequencing
In conclusion, diverging molecular mechanisms underpin phenotype heterogeneity of valvular degeneration in BAV and data from the present study suggest that there may be shared mechanisms leading to calcification in BAV and TAV. Recognition of these pathways is fundamental to improve our understanding of the molecular basis of human BAV disease. (Source: Physiological Genomics)
Source: Physiological Genomics - March 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Padang, R., Bagnall, R. D., Tsoutsman, T., Bannon, P. G., Semsarian, C. Tags: Omics Technologies and Applications Source Type: research
Gene expression changes controlling distinct adaptations in the heart and skeletal muscle of a hibernating mammal
This study provides insight into how two functionally distinct muscles maintain function under the extreme conditions of mammalian hibernation. (Source: Physiological Genomics)
Source: Physiological Genomics - March 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Vermillion, K. L., Anderson, K. J., Hampton, M., Andrews, M. T. Tags: Regulation of Gene Expression Source Type: research
Temporal analysis of reciprocal miRNA-mRNA expression patterns predicts regulatory networks during differentiation in human skeletal muscle cells
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression through posttranscriptional repression of target genes. miRNAs exert a fundamental level of control over many developmental processes, but their role in the differentiation and development of skeletal muscle from myogenic progenitor cells in humans remains incompletely understood. Using primary cultures established from human skeletal muscle satellite cells, we performed microarray profiling of miRNA expression during differentiation of myoblasts (day 0) into myotubes at 48 h intervals (day 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10). Based on a time-course analysis, we ide...
Source: Physiological Genomics - March 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Sjogren, R. J. O., Egan, B., Katayama, M., Zierath, J. R., Krook, A. Tags: Regulation of Gene Expression Source Type: research
Conditional disruption of miR17-92 cluster in collagen type I-producing osteoblasts results in reduced periosteal bone formation and bone anabolic response to exercise
In this study, we evaluated the role of the microRNA (miR)17-92 cluster in osteoblast lineage cells using a Cre-loxP approach in which Cre expression is driven by the entire regulatory region of the type I collagen α2 gene. Conditional knockout (cKO) mice showed a 13–34% reduction in total body bone mineral content and area with little or no change in bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA at 2, 4, and 8 wk in both sexes. Micro-CT analyses of the femur revealed an 8% reduction in length and 25–27% reduction in total volume at the diaphyseal and metaphyseal sites. Neither cortical nor trabecular volumetric BMD ...
Source: Physiological Genomics - February 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Mohan, S., Wergedal, J. E., Das, S., Kesavan, C. Tags: microRNA Source Type: research
Polycystin-1 and G{alpha}12 regulate the cleavage of E-cadherin in kidney epithelial cells
Interaction of polycystin-1 (PC1) and Gα12 is important for development of kidney cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The integrity of cell polarity and cell-cell adhesions (mainly E-cadherin-mediated adherens junction) is altered in the renal epithelial cells of ADPKD. However, the key signaling pathway for this alteration is not fully understood. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells maintain the normal integrity of epithelial cell polarity and adherens junctions. Here, we found that deletion of Pkd1 increased activation of Gα12, which then promoted the cystogenesis of MDCK cells. ...
Source: Physiological Genomics - February 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Xu, J. X., Lu, T.-S., Li, S., Wu, Y., Ding, L., Denker, B. M., Bonventre, J. V., Kong, T. Tags: Regulation of Gene Expression Source Type: research
PBMCs express a transcriptome signature predictor of oxygen uptake responsiveness to endurance exercise training in men
Peripheral blood cells are an accessible environment in which to visualize exercise-induced alterations in global gene expression patterns. We aimed to identify a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) signature represented by alterations in gene expression, in response to a standardized endurance exercise training protocol. In addition, we searched for molecular classifiers of the variability in oxygen uptake (Vo2). Healthy untrained policemen recruits (n = 13, 25 ± 3 yr) were selected. Peak Vo2 (measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing) and total RNA from PBMCs were obtained before and after 18 wk of running...
Source: Physiological Genomics - February 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Dias, R. G., Silva, M. S. M., Duarte, N. E., Bolani, W., Alves, C. R., Junior, J. R. L., da Silva, J. L., de Oliveira, P. A., Alves, G. B., de Oliveira, E. M., Rocha, C. S., Marsiglia, J. D. C., Negrao, C. E., Krieger, E. M., Krieger, J. E., Pereira, A. C Tags: Regulation of Gene Expression Source Type: research
MicroRNAs associated with exercise and diet: a systematic review
MicroRNAs are posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs reflect individual biologic adaptation to exposures in the environment. As such, measurement of circulating microRNAs presents an opportunity to evaluate biologic changes associated with behavioral interventions (i.e., exercise, diet) for weight loss. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to summarize what is known about circulating microRNAs associated with exercise, diet, and weight loss. We performed a systematic review of three scientific databases. We included studies reporting on circulating microRNAs assoc...
Source: Physiological Genomics - January 5, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Flowers, E., Won, G. Y., Fukuoka, Y. Tags: MicroRNA Source Type: research
Human aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism promotes miRNA binding and regulates gene expression
Hypertension is a serious risk factor for myocardial infarction, heart failure, vascular disease, stroke, and renal failure. Like other complex diseases, hypertension is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. The octapeptide angiotensin II (ANG II) is one of the most active vasopressor agents and is obtained from the precursor molecule, angiotensinogen, by the combined proteolytic action of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme. ANG II increases the expression of aldosterone synthase (coded by Cyp1...
Source: Physiological Genomics - December 15, 2014 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Maharjan, S., Mopidevi, B., Kaw, M. K., Puri, N., Kumar, A. Tags: MicroRNA Source Type: research
Physiological genomics - where are we now?
(Source: Physiological Genomics)
Source: Physiological Genomics - December 15, 2014 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Greene, A. S. Tags: General Interest Source Type: research
