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DNA damage induced by occupational and environmental exposure to miscellaneous chemicals
Publication date: Available online 11 February 2016 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Juliana da Silva Epidemiological studies for hazardous situations resulting from the risk of environmental and/or occupational exposure to miscellaneous chemicals present several difficulties. Biomonitoring of human populations can provide an early detection system for the initiation of cell dysregulation in the development of cancer, which would help develop an efficient prevention program. Recently, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in lymphocyte cells has become an important tool for a...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - February 11, 2016 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Enigmatic 5-hydroxymethyluracil: Oxidatively modified base, epigenetic mark or both?
Publication date: Available online 9 February 2016 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Ryszard Olinski, Marta Starczak, Daniel Gackowski The aim of this review is to describe the reactions which lead to generation of 5-hydroxymethyluracil, as well as the repair processes involved in its removal from DNA, and its level in various cells and urine. 5-hydroxymethyluracil may be formed during the course of the two processes: oxidation/hydroxylation of thymine with resultant formation of 5-hydroxymethyluracil paired with adenine (produced by reactive oxygen species), and reacting of reactiv...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - February 9, 2016 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The importance of de novo mutations for pediatric neurological disease—It is not all in utero or birth trauma
Publication date: January–March 2016 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 767 Author(s): Robert P. Erickson The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS, which consists of massively parallel sequencing to perform TGS (total genome sequencing) or WES (whole exome sequencing)) has abundantly discovered many causative mutations in patients with pediatric neurological disease. A surprisingly high number of these are de novo mutations which have not been inherited from either parent. For epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders, and neuromotor disorders, including cerebral palsy, initial estimates p...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - January 30, 2016 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The comet assay: Reflections on its development, evolution and applications
Publication date: Available online 29 December 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Narendra P. Singh The study of DNA damage and its repair is critical to our understanding of human aging and cancer. This review reflects on the development of a simple technique, now known as the comet assay, to study the accumulation of DNA damage and its repair. It describes my journey into aging research and the need for a method that sensitively quantifies DNA damage on a cell-by-cell basis and on a day-by-day basis. That journey led to the comet assay. My inspirations, obstacles and successes on ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - January 11, 2016 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

How Trypanosoma cruzi deals with oxidative stress: Antioxidant defence and DNA repair pathways
Publication date: January–March 2016 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 767 Author(s): Alice Machado-Silva, Paula Gonçalves Cerqueira, Viviane Grazielle-Silva, Fernanda Ramos Gadelha, Eduardo de Figueiredo Peloso, Santuza Maria Ribeiro Teixeira, Carlos Renato Machado Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is an obligatory intracellular parasite with a digenetic life cycle. Due to the variety of host environments, it faces several sources of oxidative stress. In addition to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by its own metabolism, T. cruzi must deal wit...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - January 11, 2016 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The Importance of De Novo Mutations for Pediatric Neurological Disease—It’s not all In Utero or Birth Trauma
Publication date: Available online 4 January 2016 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Robert P. Erickson The advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS, which consists of massively parallel sequencing to perform TGS [total genome sequencing] or WES [whole exome sequencing]) has abundantly discovered many causative mutations in patients with pediatric neurological disease. A surprisingly high number of these are de novo mutations which have not been inherited from either parent. For epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders, and neuromotor disorders, including cerebral palsy, initial estimates pu...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - January 11, 2016 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Genome defense against exogenous nucleic acids in eukaryotes by non-coding DNA occurs through CRISPR-like mechanisms in the cytosol and the bodyguard protection in the nucleus
Publication date: Available online 6 January 2016 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Qiu Guo-Hua In this review, the protective function of the abundant non-coding DNA in the eukaryotic genome is discussed from the perspective of genome defense against exogenous nucleic acids. Peripheral non-coding DNA has been proposed to act as a bodyguard that protects the genome and the central protein-coding sequences from ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. In the proposed mechanism of protection, the radicals generated by water radiolysis in the cytosol and IR energy are absorbed, blocked and/o...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - January 11, 2016 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Genotoxic sensitivity of the developing hematopoietic system
Publication date: Available online 9 December 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Ion Udroiu, Antonella Sgura Genotoxic sensitivity seems to vary during ontogenetic development. Animal studies have shown that the spontaneous mutation rate is higher during pregnancy and infancy than in adulthood. Human and animal studies have found higher levels of DNA damage and mutations induced by mutagens in fetuses/newborns than in adults. This greater susceptibility could be due to reduced DNA repair capacity. In fact, several studies indicated that some DNA repair pathways seem to be deficien...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - December 9, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Contributions of DNA repair and damage response pathways to the non-linear genotoxic responses of alkylating agents
Publication date: Available online 2 December 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Joanna Klapacz, Lynn H. Pottenger, Bevin P. Engelward, Christopher D. Heinen, George E. Johnson, Rebecca A. Clewell, Paul L. Carmichael, Yeyejide Adeleye, Melvin E. Andersen From a risk assessment perspective, DNA-reactive agents are conventionally assumed to have genotoxic risks at all exposure levels, thus applying a linear extrapolation for low-dose responses. New approaches discussed here, including more diverse and sensitive methods for assessing DNA damage and DNA repair, strongly ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - December 3, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The Comet assay in insects—Status, prospects and benefits for science
Publication date: Available online 10 November 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Maria Augustyniak, Marcin Gladysz, Marta Dziewięcka The Comet assay has been recently adapted to investigate DNA damage in insects. The first reports of its use in Drosophila melanogaster appeared in 2002. Since then, the interest in the application of the Comet assay to studies of insects has been rapidly increasing. Many authors see substantial potential in the use of the Comet assay in D. melanogaster for medical toxicology studies. This application could allow the testing of drugs and result i...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - November 13, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The Comet assay in insects – status, prospects and benefits for science
Publication date: Available online 10 November 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Maria Augustyniak, Marcin Gladysz, Marta Dziewięcka The Comet assay has been recently adapted to investigate DNA damage in insects. The first reports of its use in D. melanogaster appeared in 2002. Since then, the interest in the application of the Comet assay to studies of insects has been rapidly increasing. Many authors see substantial potential in the use of the Comet assay in D. melanogaster for medical toxicology studies. This application could allow the testing of drugs and result in an und...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - November 10, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Unraveling the mechanisms of extreme radioresistance in prokaryotes: Lessons from nature
Publication date: Available online 4 November 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Athanasia Pavlopoulou, Giannis D. Savva, Maria Louka, Pantelis G. Bagos, Constantinos E. Vorgias, Ioannis Michalopoulos, Alexandros G. Georgakilas The last 50 years, a variety of archaea and bacteria able to withstand extremely high doses of ionizing radiation, have been discovered. Several lines of evidence suggest a variety of mechanisms explaining the extreme radioresistance of microorganisms found usually in isolated environments on Earth. These findings are discussed thoroughly in this ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - November 4, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The double-edged sword of long non-coding RNA: the role of human brain-specific BC200 RNA in translational control, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer
Publication date: Available online 2 September 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Patrycja Sosińska, Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik, Krzysztof Książek The complexity of eukaryotic organisms involves the regulation of gene expression through DNA–protein, RNA–DNA, RNA–RNA, and RNA–protein interactions. The role of RNA molecules in the regulation of genes in higher species has become even more evident with the discovery that about 97% of transcription products are represented by non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including short ncRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs). In addition to ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - September 2, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Super DNAging—New insights into DNA integrity, genome stability and telomeres in the oldest old
Publication date: Available online 28 August 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Bernhard Franzke, Oliver Neubauer, Karl-Heinz Wagner Reductions in DNA integrity, genome stability, and telomere length are strongly associated with the aging process, age-related diseases as well as the age-related loss of muscle mass. However, in people reaching an age far beyond their statistical life expectancy the prevalence of diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes or dementia, is much lower compared to “averagely” aged humans. These inverse observations in nonagenarians...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - September 1, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Super DNAging - New insights into DNA integrity, genome stability and telomeres in the oldest old
Publication date: Available online 28 August 2015 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Bernhard Franzke, Oliver Neubauer, Karl-Heinz Wagner Reductions in DNA integrity, genome stability, and telomere length are strongly associated with the aging process, age-related diseases as well as the age-related loss of muscle mass. However, in people reaching an age far beyond their statistical life expectancy the prevalence of diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes or dementia, is much lower compared to “averagely” aged humans. These inverse observations in nonagenarians...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - August 29, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research