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Dna and chromosome damage induced by bleomycin in mammalian cells: an update
Publication date: Available online 23 February 2018 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Alejandro D. Bolzán, Martha S. Bianchi Bleomycin (BLM) is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces verticillus. It has radiomimetic actions on DNA thus it has been widely used in clinical chemotherapy for the treatment of different types of cancer, including head and neck tumors, lymphomas, squamous-cell carcinomas and germ-cell tumors. Because of this, the study of BLM genotoxicity is of practical interest. This antibiotic is an S-independent clastogen and an agent that generates free radicals and indu...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - February 24, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Molecular genetics ‎characterization and homology modeling of the CHM gene mutation: A study on its association with choroideremia
Publication date: Available online 18 February 2018 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Saber Imani, Iqra Ijaz, Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh, Shangyi Fu, Jingliang Cheng, Junjiang Fu Choroideremia (CHM) is a rare form of X-linked chorioretinal dystrophy that is caused by mutations in the CHM gene. Mutations in the Rab escort protein-1 (REP-1), an ubiquitously encoded protein of the CHM gene, lead to prenylation and vesicle trafficking deficiency in the protein, resulting in the progressive degeneration of choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and photoreceptors. Despite pre...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - February 19, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Integrating plant and animal biology for the search of novel DNA damage biomarkers
Publication date: January–March 2018 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 775 Author(s): Zacharenia Nikitaki, Marcela Holá, Mattia Donà, Athanasia Pavlopoulou, Ioannis Michalopoulos, Karel J. Angelis, Alexandros G. Georgakilas, Anca Macovei, Alma Balestrazzi Eukaryotic genome surveillance is dependent on the multiple, highly coordinated network functions of the DNA damage response (DDR). Highlighted conserved features of DDR in plants and animals represent a challenging opportunity to develop novel interdisciplinary investigations aimed at expanding the sets of DNA damage biomarkers ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - February 13, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Mutagenesis: Interactions with a parallel universe
Publication date: Available online 3 February 2018 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Jeffrey H. Miller Unexpected observations in mutagenesis research have led to a new perspective in this personal reflection based on years of studying mutagenesis. Many mutagens have been thought to operate via a single principal mechanism, with secondary effects usually resulting in only minor changes in the observed mutation frequencies and spectra. For example, we conceive of base analogs as resulting in direct mispairing as their main mechanism of mutagenesis. Recent studies now show that in fact even ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - February 13, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Nucleosomes regulate base excision repair in chromatin
Publication date: Available online 7 November 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Rithy Meas, John J. Wyrick, Michael J. Smerdon Chromatin is a significant barrier to many DNA damage response (DDR) factors, such as DNA repair enzymes, that process DNA lesions to reduce mutations and prevent cell death; yet, paradoxically, chromatin also has a critical role in many signaling pathways that regulate the DDR. The primary level of DNA packaging in chromatin is the nucleosome core particle (NCP), consisting of DNA wrapped around an octamer of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Here, we ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - December 15, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The role of H3K79 methylation in transcription and the DNA damage response
Publication date: Available online 16 November 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Mats Ljungman, Luke Parks, Radhika Hulbatte, Karan Bedi Chromatin plays a critical role in organizing and protecting DNA. However, chromatin acts as an impediment for transcription and DNA repair. Histone modifications, such as H3K79 methylation, promote transcription and genomic stability by enhancing transcription elongation and by serving as landing sites for proteins involved in the DNA damage response. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of H3K79 methylation in transcripti...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - December 15, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Histone variants in environmental-stress-induced DNA damage repair
Publication date: Available online 21 November 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Danqi Chen, Chunyuan Jin Environmental stress such as genotoxic agents can cause DNA damage either indirectly through the generation of reactive oxygen species or directly by interactions with the DNA molecule. Damage to the genetic material may cause mutations and ultimately cancer. Genotoxic mutation can be prevented either by apoptosis or DNA repair. In response to DNA damage, cells have evolved DNA damage responses (DDR) to detect, signal, and repair DNA lesions. Epigenetic mechanisms play critically...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - December 15, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Assessing health risks from multiple environmental stressors: Moving from G ×E to I×E
We describe the utility of the I×E concept to better understand and characterize the cumulative impact of multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors on individual and population health. New research methods increasingly facilitate the measurement of multifactorial and interactive effects in epidemiological and toxicological studies. Tiered or indicator-based approaches can guide the selection of potentially relevant I and E factors for study and quantification, and exposomics methods may eventually produce results that can be used to generate a response function over the life course. Quantitative data on I×E interactive ef...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - December 15, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Genetic markers a landscape in prostate cancer
Publication date: January–March 2018 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 775 Author(s): J.M. Cozar, I. Robles-Fernandez, L.J. Martinez-Gonzalez, M. Pascual-Geler, Alba Rodriguez-Martinez, M.J. Serrano, J.A. Lorente, M.J. Alvarez-Cubero Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The observed variability in progression and responses to the same treatment between patients underlie the genetic heterogeneity of the disease. Nowadays, screening and follow-up biomarkers in PC are still having a deep lack of information, which makes difficult the cancer diagnosis, progno...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - December 15, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes and implications for tumor therapy
Publication date: Available online 7 October 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Markus Christmann, Bernd Kaina DNA repair represents the first barrier against genotoxic stress causing metabolic changes, inflammation and cancer. Besides its role in preventing cancer, DNA repair needs also to be considered during cancer treatment with radiation and DNA damaging drugs as it impacts therapy outcome. The DNA repair capacity is mainly governed by the expression level of repair genes. Alterations in the expression of repair genes can occur due to mutations in their coding or promoter region,...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - October 8, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The Emerging Role of Epigenetic Modifiers in Repair of DNA Damage Associated with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Publication date: Available online 28 September 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Ning Ding, Ashley R. Maiuri, Heather M. O’Hagan At sites of chronic inflammation epithelial cells are exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can contribute to the initiation and development of many different human cancers. Aberrant epigenetic alterations that cause transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes are also implicated in many diseases associated with inflammation, including cancer. However, it is not clear how altered epigenetic gene silencing is initiated du...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - September 29, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Histone Methylation and the DNA Damage Response
Publication date: Available online 23 September 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Fade Gong, Kyle M. Miller Preserving genome function and stability are paramount for ensuring cellular homeostasis, an imbalance in which can promote diseases including cancer. In the presence of DNA lesions, cells activate pathways referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). As nuclear DNA is bound by histone proteins and organized into chromatin in eukaryotes, DDR pathways have evolved to sense, signal and repair DNA damage within the chromatin environment. Histone proteins, which constitute the bui...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - September 23, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Poly-ADP ribosylation in DNA damage response and cancer therapy
Publication date: Available online 20 September 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Wei-Hsien Hou, Shih-Hsun Chen, Xiaochun Yu Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (aka PARylation) is a unique protein post-translational modification (PTM) first described over 50 years ago. PARylation regulates a number of biological processes including chromatin remodeling, the DNA damage response (DDR), transcription, apoptosis, and mitosis. The subsequent discovery of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) catalyzing DNA-dependent PARylation spearheaded the field of DDR. The expanding knowledge about the poly ADP...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - September 20, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The interaction of iron and the genome: for better and for worse
Publication date: Available online 14 September 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Marie-Bérengère Troadec, Olivier Loréal, Pierre Brissot Iron, as an essential nutrient, and the DNA, as the carrier of genetic information which is physically compacted into chromosomes, are both needed for normal life and well-being. Therefore, it is not surprising that close interactions exist between iron and the genome. On the one hand, iron, especially when present in excess, may alter genome stability through oxidative stress, and may favor cell cycle abnormalities and the development of malig...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - September 14, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Carcinogenic Potential of Sanguinarine, a Phytochemical used in ‘Therapeutic’ Black Salve and Mouthwash
Publication date: Available online 6 September 2017 Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research Author(s): Andrew Croaker, Graham J. King, John H. Pyne, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Vilim Simanek, Lei Liu Black salves are escharotic skin cancer therapies in clinical use since the mid 19th century. Sanguinaria canadensis, a major ingredient of black salve formulations, contains a number of bioactive phytochemicals including the alkaloid sanguinarine. Despite its prolonged history of clinical use, conflicting experimental results have prevented the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine from being definitiv...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - September 6, 2017 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research