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DNA methylation signatures: Biomarkers of drug and alcohol abuse
Publication date: July–September 2018Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 777Author(s): Dolly Mahna, Sanjeev Puri, Shweta SharmaAbstractDNA sequence is a powerful tool that can be used for an individual’s identification and investigation of various abnormalities in the genome. However, recent studies have identified other heritable changes by epigenetic mechanisms that cause changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence itself. In particular, DNA methylation mediates long-lasting changes in gene promoters, which makes it an appealing epigenetic mechanism to study variation in me...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 10, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Multiclonal tumor origin: Evidence and implications
Publication date: July–September 2018Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 777Author(s): Barbara L. ParsonsAbstractAn accurate understanding of the clonal origins of tumors is critical for designing effective strategies to treat or prevent cancer and for guiding the field of cancer risk assessment. The intent of this review is to summarize evidence of multiclonal tumor origin and, thereby, contest the commonly held assumption of monoclonal tumor origin. This review describes relevant studies of X chromosome inactivation, analyses of tumor heterogeneity using other markers, single cell sequencing,...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 10, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Mutational game changer: Chromothripsis and its emerging relevance to cancer
Publication date: July–September 2018Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 777Author(s): Monique Nicole Helena Luijten, Jeannie Xue Ting Lee, Karen Carmelina CrastaAbstractIn recent years, the paradigm that genomic abnormalities in cancer cells arise through progressive accumulation of mutational events has been challenged by the discovery of single catastrophic events. One such phenomenon termed chromothripsis, involving massive chromosomal rearrangements arising all at once, has emerged as a major mutational game changer. The strong interest in this process stems from its widespread association...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 10, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Meta-analysis of chromosomal aberrations as a biomarker of exposure in healthcare workers occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs
Publication date: Available online 24 August 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Christine Roussel, Kristine L. Witt, Peter B. Shaw, Thomas H. ConnorAbstractMany antineoplastic drugs used to treat cancer, particularly alkylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors, are known to induce genetic damage in patients. Elevated levels of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and DNA damage have been documented in cancer patients. Elevations in these same biomarkers of genetic damage have been reported in numerous studies of healthcare workers, such as nurses and pharmacists, who routinely handle t...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Poly-ADP ribosylation in DNA damage response and cancer therapy
Publication date: Available online 20 September 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Wei-Hsien Hou, Shih-Hsun Chen, Xiaochun YuAbstractPoly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (aka PARylation) is a unique protein post-translational modification (PTM) first described over 50 years ago. PARylation regulates a number of biological processes including chromatin remodeling, the DNA damage response (DDR), transcription, apoptosis, and mitosis. The subsequent discovery of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) catalyzing DNA-dependent PARylation spearheaded the field of DDR. The expanding knowledge about the poly AD...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Histone methylation and the DNA damage response
Publication date: Available online 23 September 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Fade Gong, Kyle M. MillerAbstractPreserving genome function and stability are paramount for ensuring cellular homeostasis, an imbalance in which can promote diseases including cancer. In the presence of DNA lesions, cells activate pathways referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). As nuclear DNA is bound by histone proteins and organized into chromatin in eukaryotes, DDR pathways have evolved to sense, signal and repair DNA damage within the chromatin environment. Histone proteins, which constitute the b...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The emerging role of epigenetic modifiers in repair of DNA damage associated with chronic inflammatory diseases
Publication date: Available online 28 September 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Ning Ding, Ashley R. Maiuri, Heather M. O’HaganAbstractAt sites of chronic inflammation epithelial cells are exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can contribute to the initiation and development of many different human cancers. Aberrant epigenetic alterations that cause transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes are also implicated in many diseases associated with inflammation, including cancer. However, it is not clear how altered epigenetic gene silencing is initiated d...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes and implications for tumor therapy
Publication date: Available online 7 October 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Markus Christmann, Bernd KainaAbstractDNA repair represents the first barrier against genotoxic stress causing metabolic changes, inflammation and cancer. Besides its role in preventing cancer, DNA repair needs also to be considered during cancer treatment with radiation and DNA damaging drugs as it impacts therapy outcome. The DNA repair capacity is mainly governed by the expression level of repair genes. Alterations in the expression of repair genes can occur due to mutations in their coding or promoter regio...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Nucleosomes regulate base excision repair in chromatin
Publication date: Available online 7 November 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Rithy Meas, John J. Wyrick, Michael J. SmerdonAbstractChromatin is a significant barrier to many DNA damage response (DDR) factors, such as DNA repair enzymes, that process DNA lesions to reduce mutations and prevent cell death; yet, paradoxically, chromatin also has a critical role in many signaling pathways that regulate the DDR. The primary level of DNA packaging in chromatin is the nucleosome core particle (NCP), consisting of DNA wrapped around an octamer of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Here, we...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

The role of H3K79 methylation in transcription and the DNA damage response
Publication date: Available online 16 November 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Mats Ljungman, Luke Parks, Radhika Hulbatte, Karan BediAbstractChromatin plays a critical role in organizing and protecting DNA. However, chromatin acts as an impediment for transcription and DNA repair. Histone modifications, such as H3K79 methylation, promote transcription and genomic stability by enhancing transcription elongation and by serving as landing sites for proteins involved in the DNA damage response. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of H3K79 methylation in transcripti...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Histone variants in environmental-stress-induced DNA damage repair
Publication date: Available online 21 November 2017Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Danqi Chen, Chunyuan JinAbstractEnvironmental stress such as genotoxic agents can cause DNA damage either indirectly through the generation of reactive oxygen species or directly by interactions with the DNA molecule. Damage to the genetic material may cause mutations and ultimately cancer. Genotoxic mutation can be prevented either by apoptosis or DNA repair. In response to DNA damage, cells have evolved DNA damage responses (DDR) to detect, signal, and repair DNA lesions. Epigenetic mechanisms play critical...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Role of CTCF in DNA damage response
Publication date: Available online 23 February 2018Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchAuthor(s): Vinay Singh Tanwar, Cynthia C. Jose, Suresh CuddapahAbstractCCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed zinc finger protein. CTCF is a multifunctional protein, associated with a number of vital cellular processes such as transcriptional activation, repression, insulation, imprinting and genome organization. Emerging evidence indicates that CTCF is also involved in DNA damage response. In this review, we focus on the newly identified role of CTCF in facilitating DNA double-strand ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Progress in low dose health risk research: Novel effects and new concepts in low dose radiobiology
Publication date: April–June 2018Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 776Author(s): Dietrich Averbeck, Sisko Salomaa, Simon Bouffler, Andrea Ottolenghi, Vere Smyth, Laure SabatierAbstractPeople are more often exposed to low as opposed to high doses of ionising radiation (IR). Knowledge on the health risks associated with exposures to ionising radiation above 100 mGy is quite well established, while lower dose risks are inferred from higher level exposure information (ICRP). The health risk assessments are mainly based on epidemiological data derived from the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nag...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Mutagenesis: Interactions with a parallel universe
Publication date: April–June 2018Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 776Author(s): Jeffrey H. MillerAbstractUnexpected observations in mutagenesis research have led to a new perspective in this personal reflection based on years of studying mutagenesis. Many mutagens have been thought to operate via a single principal mechanism, with secondary effects usually resulting in only minor changes in the observed mutation frequencies and spectra. For example, we conceive of base analogs as resulting in direct mispairing as their main mechanism of mutagenesis. Recent studies now show that in fact even ...
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research

Editorial Board
Publication date: April–June 2018Source: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, Volume 776Author(s): (Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research)
Source: Mutation Research Reviews in Mutation Research - July 6, 2018 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Source Type: research